4. Retell the text according to the plan:

1. The birth of art.

2. Mesopotamian art.

3. Egypt art.

Unit 2

Ancient ART: Greek and roman

Before you read

1. Discuss the following questions:

• What famous pieces of ancient art do you know?

• When did the Classical period in Greece start?

• Why are Greek sculptures naked?

• Who influenced the Roman art?

• What are the main features of Greek and Roman art?

2. Mark the periods of Greek art and Roman art on the timeline.

800 BC Period of Classical Antiquity 400

246 BC 208 323

3. Read and translate the text. Greece: they invented a lot more than the Olympics

The history of Western civilization began in ancient Greece. An explosion of creativity resulted in an unparalleled level of excellence in art, architecture, poetry, drama, philosophy, government, law, logic, history, and mathematics. Man's dignity and worth were central Greek concepts, the human figure was the principal motif of Greek art. Where Greek philosophy stressed harmony, order, and clarity of thought, Greek art and architecture reflected a similar respect for balance.

Painting. The Greeks were skilled painters. They achieved a breakthrough in realistic trompe l'oeil effects. Their paintings were so lifelike that birds pecked murals of painted fruit. Unfortunately, none of these works survive, but we canjudge the realistic detail of Greek painting by the figures that adorn their everyday pottery.

V ase painting. Vase painting told stories about gods and heroes of Greek myths as well as such contemporary subjects as warfare and drinking parties. The earliest (800 B.C.) vase design was called the Geometric Style, because the figures and ornaments were primarily geometric shapes. The later Archaic Period was the great age of vase painting. In the black–figured style at the outset of this period, black forms stood out against a reddish clay background. The artist scratched in details with a needle, to expose the red beneath. The red-figured style, starting around 530 B.C., reversed this color scheme. The figures, on a black background, were composed of natural red clay with details painted in black.

Sculpture: the body beautiful. The Greeks invented the nude in art. The ideal proportions of their statues represented the perfection of both body (through athletic endeavor) and mind (through intellectual debate). The Greeks sought a synthesis of the two poles of human behavior – passion and reason – and, through their artistic portrayal of the human form (often in motion).They came close to achieving it.

Greek statues were not the bleached white marble we associate with Classical sculpture today. The marble was embellished with colored encaustic, a mixture of powdered pigment and hot wax applied to hair, lips, eyes, and nails of the figure. Although male nudity was always acceptable in sculpture, the representation of female images evolved from fully clothed to sensually nude. In earlier statues, clinging folds of drapery united the figure in a swirling rhythm of movement. Another innovation was the discovery of the principle of weight shift, or contrapposto, in which the weight of the body rested on one leg with the body realigned accordingly, giving the illusion of a figure in arrested motion.

GREEK ART STYLES
GEOMETRIC ART (9th—8th century B.C.), pottery ornamented with geometric banding and friezes of simplified animals, humans.	SEVERE STYLE, early phase of Classical sculpture characterized by reserved, remote expressions.
ARCHAIC ART (600–480 B.C.), period includes kourosstone figures and vase painting.	CLASSICAL ART (480–323 B.C.), peak of Greek art and architecture, idealized figures exemplify order and harmony.
KOUROS (nude male youth) / K0RE (clorhed maiden), earliest (625–480 B.C.) free-standing statues of human figures; frontal stance, left foot forward, clenched fists, and grimace known as «Archaic smile».	HELLENISTIC ART (323–31 B.C.), Greek–derived style, found in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt; more melodramatic (as in «Laocoon» 50 B.C.) than Classical style.