4. Word-building (definition, problems it deals with, types of word-building)

The eng.lang-ge is characterized by the great case with which it creates new w-ds out of the elements existing in the lang-ge.The process of creating new w-ds from the material available in the lang-ge after certain structural and semantic patterns is called “w-d-building or w-d-formation”.There are dif-t types of w|b:1)original creation-it’s not connected with the material provided by the lang-ge.Such originally created w-ds as –gas,nailon.Such w-ds as –swish,bang weren’t formed out of any existing material with the exception of the phonemes of the eng.lang-ge.2)another type pf w|f is the so-called morpholog.w|b.It presupposes the creation of new w-ds from the material existing in the lang-ge according to existing patterns and it’s governed by certain laws which exist in the lang-ge at a given stage of its historical development.Morpholog.w|b comprises the following types:1)affixation-which in its turn be subdivided into suffix-n(that’s the format-n of new w-ds with sug-x) and pref-n(that’s the format-n of new w-ds with a help of pref-s).2)composition-that’s joining 2 or more stems to form a new unit(high-way,hotdog).3)conversion-that’s the form-n of w-ds through the change of paradigms(a find-to find).4)sound interchange-that’s a change of a phoneme 9n a morpheme resulted in a new lex-l m-g(sing-song)5)shortening(exam-examination)6)reduplication-that’s repition of the same stem(to murmur).There’re productive means of creation a new w-d and non-productive.The w|b means that can’t form new w-ds are called non-prod.In modern eng.sound interchange(lay-ley)stress interchange(‘present-pre’sent).Lexicalization of gram.w-ds(beed-бусинки,beeds-четки,work-работа,works-завод)are considered to be non-prod.They’re –soundinterchange,reduplication,stressinterchange,back-ormation).W|b means that can be used for the creation of new w-ds whenever need rises are called “productive”.The most productive means of w|b are affixation,composition,conversion,shortening.

6.Suffixation.Main tendencies in affixation.

a.)Sufix-es-derivational af-s following the root.They can’t only modify the m-g but also form a w-d to a dif-t class(to teach-a tacher).Suffix-n is more typical of a noun formation and adjective formation.Suf-n as whole is one of the most productive w|b means.All derivat-l suf-s may be classified into 2groups:1)living-those that can readily be single out(dom,ness,ment-for nouns;ous,ive,ful-for adject).2)dead-those that’re not in modern eng.understood as component parts of w-ds and are found to be subsubjects only by special etymological analyses(t-gift,flight;le-bundle).Some linguist referred such suf-s as –ous,ive,it,en to the group of suf-s af non-productive suf-s;-dom,ship-to the group of suf-s with limited productivity.

b.)In the cause of time w|b means undergo certain chages.Some new w|f means appear,some preserve the productivity,some loose it.At the present stage of the lang-ge development we can easily single out the following tendencies and peculiarities:1)the appearance of new forming af-s.2)the existence of certain especially productive w|forming patterns.3)the development of new m-gs in some old w|f elements(-nik-in the m-g in the doer of the actin has come into live.This suffix is borrowed from the Russian lang-ge-спутник,neatnik.After this pattern the following w-ds are formed:citynik,peacenik).The w-ds of this type belong to the coloq.w-ds.Many of them are emotionally covered.Thr suffix –er remains to be one of the most productive suf-s.It has the m-g of the doer of the action,of profession,of implisment,of simply O’s(biker,joucer,blusher).Suf-s –est,man in the m-g of the doer of the action are very much productive.They may be considered synonyms to the –er(computerman,leftist).Suffix –ism is the most productive.It’s used to form new w-ds to denote some thory,doctrin and point of view(hippism).-Tion(computerization).Among the w|f suf-s the suf-s –ize is one of the most productive(to vegetabalize).Diminutive suf-s –let,ie are also productive.And w-ds with these suf-s are emotionally colored and belong to the colloq.w-ds(bomblet,filmlet,wippie).

Prefixes.The preposition –in is used nowadays as a prefixaion elements to form such w-ds as:in-city passenger-гор.пассажир,in-country activity-деят-ть внутри страны.Such pref-s as –mini,maxi are wildky used in present days to form new w-ds(minicrises,mididress,maxicoat).-Anti possesses a grest degree of productivity and is used in the m-g of “выступающий против” (antihero,antiart).-Non is productive and its trad-l m-g “противоположный”.And in a new m-g “отриц-й,критич.отнош-е к чему либо”(nonbook,nonplay).-De “произвести противополол.д-я,уменьшить”(demystify-внести ясность,depolute-очистить от грязи).Such w|f elements as –bio,cosmo,eca,micro,para have become very productive(bioscience-нпука,изучающая биол.явл-я в космосе,cosmonetta-женщ.космонавт,ecosoundfood-экол-чистая пища,microdistrict,paralinguistic-что то связанное с языком).