§ 10. Would.

Would was originally the past tense of will in the same way as should was the past tense of shall. But while the latter has acquired new shades of meaning, would has preserved those of will. Thus it expresses volition, persistence referring to the past.

1. Volition. In this meaning it is mostly used in negative sentences.

She was going away and would not say where she was going.

Она уезжала и не хотела сказать, куда.

Ms. Ivors, who had put on her hat and was buttoning her cloak, would not stay. (Joyce)

2. Persistence.

I asked him not to bang the door, but he would do it.

Я просил его не хлопать дверью, а он все продолжал хлопать. Several times Eckerman tried to get away, but Goethe would

not let him go. (Maugham)

Несколько раз Эккерман пытался уйти, но Гете не пускал его.

It is also used in speaking about lifeless things in the same way as will, but in this use would is more common than will.

The handle turned, but the door would not open.

3. Closely connected with the primary meaning of volition is the use of would to express habitual or recurrent actions; it is commonly used in literary descriptions, but not in speaking:

In the afternoon he would go out alone and walk for hours.

§ 11. Dare.

Dare means to have the courage (or impertinence) to do something. In the negative it denotes the lack of courage to do something.

I dare not be alone at night. (Voynich)

How dare you talk to me like this?

The verb dare as well as need has some peculiarities, which make it different from other modal verbs.

It is used both as a normal verb (taking the auxiliary do in the interrogative and negative forms, -s in the third person singular and the to- infinitive) and as an anomalous verb (without any auxiliary in its interrogative and negative forms, without -s in the third person singular and without the particle to before the infinitive which follows it). Dare has two forms– dare for the Present and dared for the Past.

Did he dare to strike me when I was down? (E.Bronte)

She dared not look into the glass. (Dickens)

He did not dare to meet his uncle. (Kruisinga.)

How dare you go out by yourself after the orders I gave you? (Shaw)

Sometimes dare takes the auxiliary but is followed by the bare infinitive.

You know you didn't dare give the order to charge the bridge until you saw us on the other side. (Shaw)

Dare is mostly used in interrogative and negative sentences. However, we often come across I dare say which has become a stock phrase and acquired a new meaning I suppose. Dare is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.

§12. Need.

Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.

You needn't be in such a fright. Take my arm. (Shaw)

Не надо так бояться. Возьмите меня под руку.

I don’t know whether I need trouble about it.

Я не знаю, нужно ли беспокоиться об этом.

Need may be used either as a modal or a regular verb

1. Need as a modal verb has only the Present form. In reported speech it remains unchanged. It is followed by the Infinitive without to.

You needn’t be afraid of me.

Вам не нужно/ незачем бояться меня.

You needn’t meet him unless you want to.

Вам незачем встречаться с ним, если вы не хотите.

Need I repeat it?

Нужно ли/ к чему мне повторять это.

In combination with the Perfect Infinitive need expresses an action, which has been performed though it was unnecessary. It implies a waste of time or effort.

You needn’t have come.

Вам незачем было приходить/ вы зря пришли.

It was obvious. You needn’t have protested.

Все было ясно. Вам незачем было протестовать.

2. As a regular verb need can have all the necessary forms, including the verbals. It also expresses necessity. It is followed by the Infinitive with to and is mainly used in interrogative and negative sentences.

He didn’t need to explain.

You don’t need to tell me that you are sorry.

It should be noted that need as regular verb is more common than the modal need, particularly in American English.

Note. When need is used in the meaning of to be in want of it is treated as a regular verb.

He needs a new pair of shoes.

MOOD

Mood is a grammatical category, which indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the verb from the point of view of its reality. In Modern English we distinguish three moods:

(1) The Indicative Mood.

(2) The Imperative Mood.

(3) The Subjunctive Mood.