Verbs not used in the Continuous form

It naturally follows from the definition of the Continuous form ("it denotes an action in a state of process at the present moment or at a definite moment in the past or future") that verbs, which do not express a process, are not used in the continuous form. The following groups of verbs do not express a process:

a) verbs denoting sense perception (to see, to hear),

Note. – The verb to feel is an exception. It is often used in the Continuous form.

I am feeling better today, or I feel better today.

b) verbs denoting mental activity (to know, to believe).

c) verbs denoting wish (to want, to wish),

d) verbs denoting feeling (to love, to hate, to like),

e) verbs denoting abstract relations (to have, to consist, to depend, to belong).

In such expressions as to see the sights of; to see somebody home; to see somebody off the verb to see does not mean «видеть», so it can be used in the Continuous form.

They were seeing the sights of London while their cousin waited for them at the hotel. (Wells)

It is naturally possible to use the Continuous form of the verb to have in the expressions of the type to have dinner (lunch, supper), because it does not denote possession.

They are having lunch.

The verb to think cannot be used in the Continuous form if it denotes an opinion; it can if it denotes a process of thought.

I think you are right.

I am thinking of what you have just said.

The verb to admire cannot be used in the Continuous form if it means «восхищаться», it can if it means «любоваться».

«I hope you dote on Harry the Eighth!» «I admire him very much,» said Carker. (Dickens)

What are you doing here, my poetic little friend? Admiring the moon, eh? (Collins)

The Perfect Form

The Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the past or future.

It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb.

The Present Perfect

§ 7. The use of the Present Perfect.

The Present Perfect has three main uses.

1. It expresses an action that happened at some time in one’s life. The action is in the past and finished, but the effects of the action are still felt.

I’ve been to the States. (I still remember)

How many times has he been married? (In his life)

Note that questions and answers about definite times are expressed in the Past Indefinite.

When did you go to the States?

He met his second wife in the dry cleaner’s.

2. It expresses a past action that has a present result. The action is usually in the recent past.

I’ve lost my wallet. (I haven’t got it now)

The taxi hasn’t arrived (We are still waiting for it)

We often announce news in the Present Perfect.

Have you heard? The Prime Minister has resigned.

Note the adverbs that are common with this use: yet, already, just, recently, lately.

The Present Perfect can be rendered in Russian by the past perfective or imperfective.

How many pages have you translated for today?

Сколько страниц вы перевели к сегодняшнему дню?

Have you ever translated technical articles?

Вы когда-нибудь переводили технические статьи?

The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future.

Don't buy any more meat to-morrow until you have spoken to the mistress about it. (Bennett)

I am not going till you have answered me. (Galsworthy)

Note. – Verbs of sense perception and motion such as to hear, to see, to come, to arrive, to return in adverbial clauses of time are generally used in the Present Indefinite and not in the Present Perfect.

I am sure he will recognize the poem when he hears the first line.

Я уверен, он узнает стихотворение, когда услышит первую строку.

We'll ask Mr. Franklin, my dear, if you can wait till Mr. Franklin comes.

Мы спросим Мистера Фрэнклина, дорогая, если вы можете подождать, пока он придет.

When the completion of the action is emphasized, the Present Perfect is used.

He will know the poem by heart when he has heard it twice.

Он будет знать стихотворение наизусть, когда дважды прослушает его.

3. The Present Perfect denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on. In this case either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action. If the conjunction since introduces a clause, the verb in this clause is in the Past Indefinite.

Mr. Cowperwood, I have known you now for something like fourteen years. (Dreiser)

We have been engaged these four years. (Austen)

Where have you been since last Thursday? (Wilde)

Have you been alone, Florence, since I was here last? (Dickens)

This use of the Present Perfect is called the Present Perfect Inclusive.

The Present Perfect Inclusive is used:

a) with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form.

"There is nothing to be done. She's dead—has been dead for hours," said the doctor. (Eliot)

b) in negative sentences. (In this case the Present Perfect Continuous is not impossible).

I have not slept since that night. (Bennett)

c) with non-terminative verbs such as to live, to work, to study, to teach, to travel, etc. (In this case the Present Perfect Continuous is possible.)

I have worked upon the problem for a long time without reaching any conclusion. (Shaw)

How long have you lived here?

The Present Perfect in this case is translated into Russian by the present or sometimes by the past imperfective.

I have known him for many years.

Я знаю его много лет.

I have always been fond of music.

Я всегда любил музыку.

Note. In the following cases the Present Perfect is not used.

1. Что вы сказали? What did you say?

2. Теперь я понял. Now I understand.

The Present Perfect is hardly ever used in the following cases.

1. Я не слышал вашего вопроса. I did not hear your question.

2.Мне сказали, что Мэри в Москве. I am told that Mary is in Moscow.

3. Я слышал, что Мэри в Москве. I hear that Mary is in Moscow,

("to hear'" is not a verb of sense perception here, it means ' "the rumour reached me")

With the verb to forget expressing a certain fact both the Present Indefinite and the Present Perfect can be used.

1. Я забыл, где он живет. I forget (have forgotten) where he lives.

2. Я забыл название книги. I forget (have forgotten) the title of

the book.

Compare: I have forgotten to ring her up (a certain action).