Irregular verbs

These are the most important irregular verbs. They can be divided into the following groups (A-E):

С Past simple = Past participle cont.

A All three forms the same

Base Past simple Past Translation

participle

bet bet bet

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

hit hit hit

hurt hurt hurt

set set set

let let let

put put put

shut shut shut

spread spread spread

read read /red/ read /red/

В Base = Past simple

Base Past simple Past Translation

participle

beat beat beaten

С Past simple = Past participle

Base Past simple Past Translation

participle

bend bent bent

bleed bled bled

bring brought brought

build built built

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

deal dealt dealt

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

get got got

hang hung hung

have had had

Base Past simple Past Translation

participle

hear heard heard

hold held held

keep kept kept

lay laid laid

lead led led

learn learnt learnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

light lit lit

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

pay paid paid

say said said

sell sold sold

send sent sent

shine shone shone

shoot shot shot

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

spend spent spent

stand stood stood

stick stuck stuck

strike struck struck

sweep swept swept

teach taught taught

tell told told

think thought thought

understand understood understood

win won won

Base Past simple Past Translation

D Base = Past participle

E All three forms different cont.

participle

become became become

come came come

run ran run

E All three forms different

Base Past simple Past Translation

participle

arise arose arisen

awake awoke awoken

be was/we re been

begin began begun

bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

choose chose chosen

do did done

draw drew drawn

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

Base Past simple Past Translation

participle

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

hide hid hidden

know knew known

lie lay lain

overwrite overwrote overwritten

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

see saw seen

shake shook shaken

show showed shown

shrink shrank shrunk

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

speak spoke spoken

steal stole stolen

swear swore sworn

swim swam swum

take took taken

tear tore torn

throw threw thrown

wake woke woken

wear wore worn

withdraw withdrew withdrawn

write wrote written

Acronyms and abbreviations

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Al Artificial Intelligence AIM AOL Instant Messenger ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit AMD Advanced Micro Devices ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange AT&T American Telephone & Telegraph company ATA Analogue Telephone Adaptor ATM Automated Teller Machine AVI Audio Video Interface

BASIC Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BBS Bulletin Board System Bcc: Blind carbon (or courtesy) copy

BIOS Basic Input/Output System bit binary digit bps bits per second

CAD Computer-Aided Design Cc: Carbon (or courtesy) copy CCD Charge-Coupled Devices CD Compact Disc cd/m2 Candela per square metre CD-R Compact Disc-Recordable CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read Only Memory

CD-RW Compact Disc-Rewritable CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire COBOL COmmon Business- Oriented Language CPU Central Processing Unit CRT Cathode Ray Tube CSS Cascading Style Sheets | CTP Computer To Plate

CU Control Unit

(

, DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting

DAW Digital Audio Workstation

1. DBMS Database Management

• System

DDR Double Data Rate (RAM) f DIMM Dual In-line Memory Module

1. DLP Digital-Light processing

DMB Digital Multimedia ( Broadcasting

DNS Domain Name System dpi dots per inch f DTP Desktop Publishing

DTTV Digital Terrestrial television DVB-H Digital Video Broadcast- Handheld

DVD-/+RW Digital Versatile Disc- Rewritable

DVD Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc

DVD-R Digital Versatile Disc- Recordable

DVD-ROM Digital Versatile Disc-

Read Only Memory

DVI Digital Video Interface

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM EPS Encapsulated PostScript

FAQ Frequently Asked Questions FORTRAN FORmulaTRANslation FTP File Transfer Protocol

GB Gigabyte (1,024 megabytes) GHz Gigahertz

GIF Graphic Interchange Format GIS Geographic Information System

GNU Gnu's Not UNIX

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile

communication

GUI Graphical User Interface

HDD Hard Disk Drive HD-DVD High Definition-Digital Versatile Disk

HDTV High-definition'Television HP Hewlett-Packard HTML Hypertext Markup Language HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Hz Hertz

I/O Input/Output

IBM International Business

Machines

ICQ I Seek You

ICT Information and

Communications Technologies

IM Instant Messaging

IP Internet Protocol

IR Instruction Register

IrDA Infrared Data Association

ISP Internet Service Provider

IT Information technology

JPG (or JPEG) Joint Photographic Experts Group

к 1 kilo, used to denote a thousand;

2. 1,024 bytes KB kilobyte (1,024 bytes)

LAN Local Area Network Laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation LCD Liquid-Crystal Display LISP LISt Processing

.mov QuickTime movie Mac Macintosh computer MAN Metropolitan Area Network MB Megabyte (1,024 kilobytes)

MHz Megahertz

MIDI Musical Instrument Digital

Interface

MIPS Million Instructions Per Second

MMS Multimedia messages Modem MOdulator/DEModulator MP3 MPEG-1 Layer-3 Audio MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group

ms millisecond

NIC Network Interface Card NUI Network User Identifier

OCR Optical Character Recognition OLE Microsoft's Object Linking and Embedding standard OLED Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (display)

OOP Object Oriented Programming OS Operating System

. pdf portable document format PAN Personal Area Network PC 1 Personal Computer; 2 Program Counter

PCL Printer Control Language PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDL Page Description Language PGP Pretty Good Privacy PIN Personal Identification Number pixel picture element png portable network graphic ppm pages per minute PPP Point to Point Protocol

.ra RealAudio file

RAM Random Access Memory

RGB Red, Green, Blue

RFID Radio-Frequency

identification

RIM Research In Motion

RIP Raster Image Processor

RISC Reduced Instruction Set

Computer

ROM Read Only Memory rpm revolutions per minute

RSI repetitive strain injury RSS Really Simple Syndicati Rich Site Summary

SDRAM Synchronous Dym Random Access Memory SIM (card) Subscriber Idem Module

SMS Short Message Service SMTP Simple Mail Transfer I SQL Structured Query Lang SSL Secure Sockets Layer SXGA Super XGA (Extendec Graphics Array)

TAN Transaction Authorizat Number

ТВ Terabyte (1,024 gigabyte TCP/IP Transmission Contrc Protocol / Internet Protocol TFT Thin Film Transistor (dis TIFF Tagged Image File Forr

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systen URL Uniform Resource Loca USB Universal Serial Bus

VAT Value Added Tax VCR Videocassette Recorder VDU Visual Display Unit VGA Video Graphics Adapte VoiceXML Voice Extensible Language

VoIP Voice over Internet Prc VRML Virtual Reality Modelli Markup) Language

.wav Windows wave audio f W3 See Web in Glossary WAI Web Accessibility Initiat WAN Wide Area Network WAP 1 wireless access point

2. Wireless Application Protot Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity WiMAX Worldwide Interope for Microwave Access WIMP Window, Icon, Menu ( mouse) and Pointer WP Word Processing WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What You See Is V You Get

XGA Extended Graphics Arra XML Extensible Markup Lane WXGA Wide XGA (Extended Graphics Array)

• 1Countable nouns are people or things that we can count. They have a singular and a plural form (e.g. file, program, system, application).Uncountable nouns are things that we can't count. They have no plural form (e.g. software, music, robotics, multimedia, networking, storage).

Д lot of software these days is open-source.

Not: A lot of softwares these days are open-source.

• Some words are countable in many languages but uncountable in English, and are used with a singular verb (e.g. advice, damage, equipment, furniture, research, news, progress, homework).

The advice he gave me was very useful.

• Countable nouns must have a determiner (a, the, my, this, etc.) in the singular, although this is not necessary in the plural.

I deleted the file yesterday.

I lost more than 300 files when my computer crashed.

We use a before a consonant sound and an before a vowel. The definite article the means you know which one/ones I mean.