- •Introduction
- •1.1. Past Simple versus Past Continuous.
- •1.2. Past Simple versus Present Perfect.
- •1.3. Reported speech.
- •Changing from Direct into Reported Speech (Statements)
- •1.4. Conditionals.
- •1.5. Time Clause.
- •1.6. Passive Voice.
- •2.1. Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2.2. Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2.3. Past Perfect.
- •2.4. Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2.5. Past Perfect versus Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2.6. Future Simple.
- •2.7. Future Continuous.
- •2.8. Future Perfect versus Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2.9. Infinitive.
- •2.10. Articles.
- •Indefinite article (a /An)
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Appendix.
- •1.1. Past Simple versus Past Continuous.
- •1.2. Past Simple versus Present Perfect.
- •2.3. Changing from Direct into Reported Speech (Statements)
- •1.4. Conditionals.
- •1.5. Time Clause.
- •1.6. Passive Voice.
- •2.1. Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2.2. Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2.3. Past Perfect.
- •2.4. Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2.5. Past Perfect versus Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2.6. Future Simple.
- •2.7. Future Continuous.
- •2.8. Future Perfect versus Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2.9. Infinitive.
- •2.10. Indefinite article (a /An)
- •Literature
2.3. Past Perfect.
Rule
We form the past perfect with the verb to have (in past simple) and past participle.
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
|
|
|
Long form |
Short form |
|
|
I had finished You had finished
He had finished
She had finished
It had finished We had finished
You had finished
They had finished |
I had not finished You had not finished He had not finished She had not finished It had not finished We had not finished You had not finished They had not finished |
I hadn’t finished You hadn’t finished He hadn’t finished
She hadn’t finished It hadn’t finished We hadn’t finished
You hadn’t finished They hadn’t finished |
Had I finished? Had you finished?
Had he finished?
Had she finished?
Had it finished? Had we finished?
Had you finished?
Had they finished?
|
|
Rule |
|
The Past Perfect is used for: |
E.g. They had already reserved the table when they went to the restaurant. (They made a reservation first and then they went to the restaurant.) They had already sat down for dinner by 8 pm |
Bill had injured his legs in a car accident, so he had to use a wheelchair for six months. (The action finished in the past and its result was visible in the past, too.) |
Time expressions used with past perfect:
|
before, after, already, for, since, just, till / until, when, by, by the time, never, etc |
2.4. Past Perfect Continuous.
Rule
We form the past perfect continuous with the verb to have (in past simple) +been and V+ing.
|
Affirmative |
Negative |
Interrogative |
|
|
|
Long form |
Short form |
|
|
I had been listening You had been listening
He had been listening
She had been listening
It had been listening We had been listening
You had been listening
They had been listening |
I had not been listening You had not been listening He had not been listening She had not been listening It had not been listening We had not been listening You had not been listening They had not been listening |
I hadn’t been listening You hadn’t been listening He hadn’t been listening
She hadn’t been listening It hadn’t been listening We hadn’t been listening
You hadn’t been listening They hadn’t been listening |
Had I been listening? Had you finished?
Had he finished?
Had she finished?
Had it finished? Had we finished?
Had you finished?
Had they finished?
|
|
Rule |
|
The Past Perfect Continuous is used for: |
E.g. They had been skating together for five years before they entered the competition. |
E.g. She had been working hard that day, so she was tired. (She spent all day working hard and the result of the action was visible in the past, too.) |
Time expressions used with past perfect continuous:
|
for, since, how long, before, until etc.
|