- •Introduction
- •1.1. Past Simple versus Past Continuous.
- •1.2. Past Simple versus Present Perfect.
- •1.3. Reported speech.
- •Changing from Direct into Reported Speech (Statements)
- •1.4. Conditionals.
- •1.5. Time Clause.
- •1.6. Passive Voice.
- •2.1. Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2.2. Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2.3. Past Perfect.
- •2.4. Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2.5. Past Perfect versus Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2.6. Future Simple.
- •2.7. Future Continuous.
- •2.8. Future Perfect versus Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2.9. Infinitive.
- •2.10. Articles.
- •Indefinite article (a /An)
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Appendix.
- •1.1. Past Simple versus Past Continuous.
- •1.2. Past Simple versus Present Perfect.
- •2.3. Changing from Direct into Reported Speech (Statements)
- •1.4. Conditionals.
- •1.5. Time Clause.
- •1.6. Passive Voice.
- •2.1. Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2.2. Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect Continuous.
- •2.3. Past Perfect.
- •2.4. Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2.5. Past Perfect versus Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2.6. Future Simple.
- •2.7. Future Continuous.
- •2.8. Future Perfect versus Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2.9. Infinitive.
- •2.10. Indefinite article (a /An)
- •Literature
1.2. Past Simple versus Present Perfect.
|
Present Perfect |
Past Simple |
|
Form |
Form |
|
I / we / you / they have worked / seen He / she has worked / seen Have I / we / you / they worked / seen? Has He / she worked / seen? I / we / you / they have not worked / seen He / she has not worked / seen |
I / he /she / we worked / saw
Did I / he /she / we work / see?
I / he /she / we didn’t work / see |
E.g. She has just written a report. |
E.g. She wrote a report yesterday |
E.g. I have worked here for 5 years. |
E.g. I worked here five years ago. |
|
Time expressions |
|
|
since, for, how long, ever, never, yet, just, already, so far, recently
How long? |
yesterday, last week, last month, last year, two days / weeks /months / years ago, in 1966 When? |
2.3. Changing from Direct into Reported Speech (Statements)
|
Direct speech |
|
Reported speech |
|
Present Simple “I want to go to bed early”, he said. |
→ |
Past simple He said (hat) he wanted to go to bed early. |
|
Present Continuous “She is feeding a dog”, he said. |
→ |
Past Continuous He said (that) she was feeding a dog. |
|
Present Perfect “I’ve bought a new dress”, she said. |
→ |
Past Perfect She said (that) she had bought a new dress. |
|
The Past Simple “I finished work early”, Alex said. |
→ |
Past simple or Past Perfect Alex said (that) he (had) finished work early. |
|
Will “I’ll talk to you tomorrow”, he said. |
→ |
Would She said (that) she would talk to me the next day. |
|
Can “I can swim”, she said. |
→ |
Could She said (that) she could swim. |
|
Must “I must do my home task”, he said. |
→ |
Might He said (that) he might do his home task. |
|
this / these here come tonight, today, this week / /month / year now yesterday, last night / month / year tomorrow, next week / month / year two days / months / years ago |
→ → → → → → → |
that / those there go that night, that day, that week / month /year then the day before, the previous night / month / year the following day week / month / year two days / months / years before |
Reported Questions in Indirect Questions.
-
In reported questions we use the affirmative word order and the question mark becomes a full stop.
-
To report a question we use:
a) ask +wh-+word (who. where etc) when the direct question begins
with a wh- word
b) ask + If / whether when the direct question begins with an auxiliary
verb (do, have, can etc).
-
Pronouns, possessive adjectives, tenses, time expressions etc change as in statements.
Reported Commands / Requests / Suggestions
Rule.
-
To report commands, requests, suggestions etc, we use an introductory verb (advise, ask, beg, offer, order, suggest, tell etc) followed by a to-infinitive, an -ing form or a that-clause according to the introductory verb.
|
“Touch your toes,” he said to us. |
He told us to touch our toes. (command) |
|
“Don’t lie down,” he said to us. |
He told us not to lie down. (command) |
|
“Can I go out?” he said. |
He asked to go out. (request) |
|
“Please, stay with us tonight”, he said to her. |
He asked her to stay with them that night. (request) |
|
“Let's play football,” he said. |
He suggested playing football. (suggestion) |
|
“You'd better visit her,” he said. |
He suggested that I visit her. (suggestion) |