1.4. Conditionals.

Rule.

	If-Clause	Main Clause	Use
O conditional General truth	If+Present Simple	Present Simple	Something which is always true
E.g. If / When the sun shines, snow melts.
1 Conditional Real present	If+Present Simple	Will+V	Real, likely to happen in present or future.
E.g. If the weather is fine, we will go to the country. If he studies hard, he will pass his exams.
2 Conditional Unreal present	If+Past Simple	Would+V	Imaginary situation in the present or future. Advice.
E.g. If I had a lot of money, I would buy a car. If I were you, I would not go there.
3 Conditional Unreal past	If+Past Perfect	Would+Present Perfect	Imaginary situation in the past.
E.g. If she had studied harder, she would have passed the test. If she had called earlier, I would have told her about the meeting.

1.5. Time Clause.

Rule.

Time clauses are introduced with: after, as, as long as, as soon as, just as, since, before, by the lime, when, while, until/till, the moment (that), whenever etc.

E.g. As soon as he (had) finished studying he turned on the TV.

• Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. This means that when the verb of the main sentence is in a present or future form, the verb of the time clause is in a present form.

• When the verb of the main sentence is in a past form, the verb of the time clause is in a past form too.

E.g. She 'II come when she is ready (not: when she will be ready).

You can wait here until she comes. (not: until she will come).

She did the cleaning after she had done the washing-up (not. after she does).

We never use will/would (future forms) in time clauses; we normally use a present form.

E.g. He'll go out after he has finished his fob.

He'll be a lawyer when he grows up.

If is used for things which may possibly happen.	I'll help you if I have time.
When is used for things which are sure to happen.	I’ll phone you when I get to my hotel.
By the time means before, not later than.	She had finished cooking by the time her guests arrived.
Until means up to the time when is also used with a negative verb.	They waited until the building had been evacuated. They didn't take oft until the weather improved.

1.6. Passive Voice.

Rule.

The Passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb

to be + Past Participle.

	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Simple	They repair cars.	Cars are repaired.
Present Continuous	They are repairing the car.	The car is being repaired.
Past Simple	They repaired the car.	The car was repaired.
Past Continuous	They were repairing the car.	The car was being repaired.
Future Simple	They will repair the car.	The car will be repaired.
Present Perfect	They have repaired the car.	The car has been repaired.
Past Perfect	They had repaired the car.	The car had been repaired.
Future Perfect	They will have repaired the car.	The car will have been repaired.
Modals	You must repair the car.	The car must be repaired.

Rule.

The Passive is used:

1. When the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.

E.g. My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent).

The read repairs were completed last week. (unimportant agent).

The kidnappers have been arrested (By the police – obvious agent).

2. To make statements more polite or formal.

E.g. My new suit has been burnt (It’s more polite then saying “You’ve burnt my suit”).

3. When the action is more important than the agent (in news reports, formal notices, instructions, headlines, advertisements, etc.).

E.g. Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice).

The local bank was robbed this morning. (news report).

4. To put the emphasis on the agent.

E.g. The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror.

Rule.

We use by + agent to say who or what did the action. We use with +instrument or material to say what instrument or material the agent used.

E.g. He was knocked down by a lorry. (The lorry did the action).

The door was locked by a man with a key. {The key is the instrument the agent used.)

The cake was made with flour, sugar find eggs (Flour, sugar and eggs are the material's the agent used.)

We put the agent (=person who performs the action) into the passive only if it adds information. When the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context, it is omitted. Agents such as: someone, people, I, you, etc are omitted.

E.g. Macbeth was written by Shakespeare (The agent is not emitted; it adds information.)

Somebody took my pen. My pen was taken (by somebody). (unknown agent; it is omitted).