4. Устойчивое сочетание.

a few - несколько a lot of - много as a result - в результате

a little - немного as a rule - как правило it’s a pity - как жаль

with a pleasure - с удовольствием

Употребление определенного артикля

Определенный артикль употребляется в следующих значениях:

Когда из ситуации или контекста ясно, какое именно лицо или предмет имеется в виду.

EX. “We went to the cinema yesterday.” “Мы вчера были в кино”

“Was the film good?” “Фильм был хороший?”

Когда ситуация показывает, какой предмет выделяется.

EX. The teacher told his students a story and asked: “Have you understood the story?”

Учитель прочитал студентам рассказ и задал вопрос: «Вы поняли рассказ?»

Когда существительное обозначает предмет, единственный в своем роде или в определенной ситуации.

EX. The Moon moves round the Earth. Луна вращается вокруг Земли.

Когда существительное обобщает весь класс подобных лиц (предметов).

EX. The horse is a useful domestic animal. Лошадь – полезное домашнее животное

Когда артикль входит в ряд устойчивых сочетаний.

EX. in the past в прошлом to tell the truth сказать правду

Названия:

А) географические названия и названия стран света:

Северный полюс The North Pole

Б) рек: Волга The Volga

В) морей и океанов: Черное море The Black Sea

Г) горных цепей: Альпы The Alps

Д) некоторых государств: США The USA

Е) фамилии, называющие всю семью в целом: Брауны The Browns

Употребление “нулевого” артикля

Нулевой артикль употребляется в следующих значениях:

Перед исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе

A dog barks Собака лает

Dogs bark Собаки лают

Перед неисчисляемыми существительными (названия веществ и абстрактные понятия)

I like milk Я люблю молоко

Перед существительными, обозначающими названия времен года и приемов пищи

Summer is my favorite season Мое любимое время года – лето

We have breakfast and supper at home Дома мы завтракаем и ужинаем

В ряде устойчивых словосочетаний

at first сначала in time вовремя

by heart наизусть to go to school ходить в школу

Exercises

Ex. 1. Put definite or indefinite article where it is needed and explain the usage.

1. This is … book. It’s my … book. 2. Is this your … pen? No, it isn’t my … pen, it is my sister’s … pen. 3. I can see … pencil on your … table, but I can see no … paper. 4. I can see three … boys. … boys are playing. 5. She has … two daughters and … one son. Her … son is … a student. 6. My … brother’s … friend has no … dog. 7. I have 32 … teeth. 8. My … mother is at … home. She is reading … interesting … book. 9. Where are … flowers? - … flowers are in … beautiful vase. 10. Where is … vase? - … vase is on … little table near … window.

Ex. 2. Put definite or indefinite article where it is needed and explain the usage.

1. There is … thick red … carpet in my … room. … carpet is on … floor in … front of … sofa. 2. I can see … nice … coffee-table in … middle of … room to … right of … door. It’s … black and … red. I like … coffee-table. 3. My … aunt and my … uncle are … doctors. They work at … hospital. They get up at 7 o’clock in … morning. They go to … bed at 11 o’clock. 4. What does your mother do after … breakfast? – She goes to … work. 5. There is … tea in … glass. 6. I have … large writing-desk in … study. There is … paper on … writing-desk. My … books and exercise-books are on … writing-desk, too. 7. I study … English. I attend … English classes in … evening. On … days when I have no … classes, I stay at … home and do some work about … house. I have … dinner with my family, watch … TV and read … books, … newspapers and … magazines. I go to … bed late at … night. 8. I am thirsty. Give me … water, please. 9. Give me … book, please. 10. What … color is your new … hat? – It’s … same color.

Ex. 3. Put definite or indefinite article where it is needed and explain the usage.

When we want to write … letter, we take … piece of … paper and … pen. We first write our … address and … date in … right-hand corner. Then on … left-hand side we write … greeting. We may write, for instance, “My dear brother,” “Dear Henry”, etc., and then on … next line we begin … real letter. We must not forget to leave … margin on … left-hand side of … page. At … end of … letter we write “Yours” and then we sign our name. We put … letter into … envelope and close … envelop. On … envelopes we write … name and address of … person who will receive it. We stick … stamp in … top right-hand corner, and then we post … letter.

Ex. 4. Put definite or indefinite article where it is needed and explain the usage.

1. Several rivers run into .. sea at New York. … most important is … Hudson River which runs into … Atlantic Ocean. Besides … Hudson River there is … East River and little Harlem River. 2. Which are … highest mountains in … Russia? 3. … Neva flows into … Gulf of Finland. 3. …Pacific Ocean is very deep. 4. …Kazbek is … highest peak of … Caucasus. 5. … Alps are covered with … snow. 6. … Lomonosov was born in … small village on … shore of … White Sea. 7. … Europe and … America are separated by … Atlantic Ocean. 8. … Baltic Sea is stormy in winter. 9. … North Sea separates … British Isles from … Europe. 10. … Nile flows across … north-eastern part of … Africa to … Mediterranean Sea.

Ex. 5. Put definite or indefinite article where it is needed and explain the usage.

1. This is … lively and very lovely baby. 2. Jane is in … kitchen making … sandwiches. 3. Jeff has … optimistic … look at … things. 4. He isn’t … type of … man to make … woman … happy. 5. Take … washing to … bathroom, please? 6. Max used to live … double … life when he was … young. 7. He is … grown up and … very responsible person. 8. I’ll take … dog for … walk in … park. 9. … house is in … mess. What … shame! 10. I had … nasty cold and … sore throat.

EX. 6. Put definite or indefinite article where it is needed and explain the usage.

Long … time ago there lived … king who had … lovely only daughter. She was … sweet and frail creature – very delicate. As … time passed, she grew weaker and weaker and soon it became obvious to all that … Princess was dying. All was in … vain - … love, … money, … doctors, … nurses. Then, one day, … someone found … shabby old … book in … Royal Library.

… book proved of .. great value as it contained … remarkable recipe for curing just such … illness as … Princess was suffering from. One of .. most important items was … pumpkin juice. … king seized at … chance to save his daughter’s life. So … recipe was made … up and … dose of … new cure was given to … Princess. From … very first dose there was … marked change for … better, and she was soon on … road to … complete recovery.