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1. Grammar Summary

1. Passive Voice Sentences are passive when the subject does not perform the action. Instead, the subject receives an action or is the result of an action. The person or thing that performed the action may be unimportant or unknown in a passive sentence. The passive voice is formed with a form of be and the past participle of the main verb. For example: Dinner is served from 5:00 to 8:00. many people were injured by the tornado last night. The letter was mailed by Nick. Passive sentences focus on the noun that is the receiver or result of an action rather than the noun that is performing the action (the agent). In fact passive sentence very often do not mention the agent at all. For example: Super computers were developed in order to solve complex problems. The mail is delivered at noon. Passive sentences are used to make sentence sound more impersonal. For example: Passengers are requested to remain seated. An errors was made in this months payroll. Overview

Tense or Model

Passive Sentence

Simple Present

The TOEFL exam is given every six months

Simple past

The TOEFL exam was given last month

Simple Future

The TOEFL exam will be given every year

Present Continuous

The TOEFL exam is being given every year

Present perfect

The TOEFL exam has been given every year since 1950

Past perfect

The TOEFL exam had been given before the Vietnam War occurred

Simple Modal

The TOEFL exam should be given to every Foreign student

Past Modal

The TOEFL exam should have been given to all entering US colleges.

The Article

  • a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants She has a dog. I work in a factory.

  • an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u) Can I have an apple? She is an English teacher.

  • the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know) The car over there is fast. The teacher is very good, isn't he?

  • The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the". I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms. I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.

  • DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States". He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier. They live in northern British Columbia.

  • Use an article with bodies of water, oceans and seas My country borders on the Pacific Ocean

  • DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about things in general I like Russian tea. She likes reading books.

  • DO NOT use an article when you are speaking about meals, places, and transport He has breakfast at home. I go to university. He comes to work by taxi.