- •Оглавление
- •Введение
- •Unit 1 service industry
- •Assignments
- •St. Petersburg State University of Service and Economics
- •Words and expressions
- •Service industry
- •Words and expressions
- •Which are personal qualities required for working in the service industry?
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •The Sights
- •Cathedrals, Churches and Monasteries
- •Bridges
- •Theatres
- •Festivals
- •The suburbs
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Indefinite pronouns some / any and their derivatives
- •Things to do
- •Unit 3 higher education in the uk
- •Assignments
- •Types of English universities
- •Entrance to British universities
- •The university system in Britain
- •Variety of other British higher institutions
- •Words and expressions
- •1. At an International Conference.
- •2. A Television Interview.
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 4 higher education in the usa
- •Assignments
- •Categories of institution in the usa
- •Involvement in learning
- •Changes in American higher education
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 5 political system in the uk
- •Words and expressions
- •Political system of the usa
- •The us Constitution
- •The Legislative Branch
- •The Executive Branch
- •The Judicial Branch
- •Major Political Parties
- •Elections
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Travelling by air
- •Words and expressions
- •Travelling by train
- •Britain Rail’s Services
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Things to do
- •Unit 7 at the customs
- •Assignments
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 8 meals
- •Meals and Mealtimes in Britain
- •Sunday Roast
- •Eating out in London
- •Restaurants
- •International and fusion cuisine
- •Fast food
- •Ordering food
- •Grammar exercises
- •2. Be a host and a guest in turns.
- •3. Project Work:
- •Unit 9 accommodation
- •How to book
- •Classification
- •Yha Hostels
- •Independent Hostels
- •University Accommodation
- •Bed and Breakfast
- •Guesthouses
- •Rental Accommodation
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Unit 10 london
- •Assignments
- •Buckingham Palace
- •Houses of Parliament
- •Westminster Abbey
- •St. Paul’s Cathedral
- •Trafalgar Square
- •Nelson`s Column
- •The Tower of London
- •Piccadilly Circus
- •Shakespeare`s Globe Theatre
- •Covent Garden
- •Downing Street
- •The Charles Dickens Museum
- •Neasden Temple
- •Royal parks
- •British Library
- •Changing the Guard
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Indirect Speech
- •Order tell ask beg suggest
- •Things to do
- •Unit 11 shopping
- •Shopping in London
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Marks & Spencer Britain's Favourite Store
- •How did it all begin?
- •What are the best-sellers?
- •Why is m&s so successful?
- •I’m not a shopaholic!
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •The media
- •National and local newspapers in the usa
- •Radio and television in the usa
- •The press in the uk
- •Television and Radio in the uk
- •Words and expressions
- •Assignments
- •Machine Dreams
- •Words and expressions
- •Grammar exercises
- •Infinitive
- •Things to do
- •Grammar reference present forms Present Simple
- •Present Continuous
- •State verbs
- •Present Perfect
- •Present Perfect Continuous
- •Past forms The past forms of be
- •Past Simple
- •Past continuous
- •Past Perfect
- •Past Perfect Continuous
- •Future forms
- •The Future Simple
- •Going to, planning to
- •The Present Continuous
- •The Present Simple
- •The Future Continuous
- •The Future Perfect
- •The Future Perfect Continuous
- •Articles
- •Adjectives
- •Pronouns
- •Some/Any/No
- •A little/Little
- •Modal verbs
- •Functions of modal verbs
- •Passive voice
- •Personal / Impersonal passive constructions
- •Reported speech
- •1 Change of tenses
- •2 Verbs and conjunctions used for reporting
- •3 Word order in reported questions
- •Conditionals
- •Infinitive – gerund – participles The Infinitive
- •The Gerund
- •The Participles
- •Suffixes Common suffixes for nouns
- •Common suffixes for adjectives
- •Prefixes used to form opposites
- •Other prefixes which change meaning
- •Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
- •Bibliography
- •Заключение
- •191015, Г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кавалергардская, д. 7
Adjectives
Comparative and Superlative forms
1 One-syllable and two-syllable adjectives ending in –y
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative |
Spelling |
young |
younger |
the youngest |
most adjectives + |
tall |
taller |
the tallest |
-er, the -est |
nice |
nicer |
the nicest |
adjectives ending |
large |
larger |
the largest |
in -e: + -r, the -st |
thin |
thinner |
the thinnest |
one vowel + one |
big |
bigger |
the biggest |
consonant: double the consonant |
pretty |
prettier |
the prettiest |
change -y to -i |
2 Other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives
serious |
more serious |
the most serious |
sophisticated |
more sophisticated |
the most sophisticated |
But we usually use -er and the -est with the following two-syllable adjectives: clever, quiet, simple, gentle.
3 Irregular forms
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative |
good little many/much bad far |
better less more worse farther /further |
the best the least the most the worst the farthest / furthest |
4 Prepositions in comparative phrases
I think she’s more attractive than her sister.
Your eyes are very similar to your mother’s.
Are these glasses very different from your old ones?
She looks like a businesswoman.
Her earrings are the same as mine.
Pronouns
Subject pronouns |
Object pronouns |
Possessive pronouns |
Reflexive pronouns |
|
I |
me |
my |
mine |
myself |
he |
him |
his |
his |
himself |
she |
her |
her |
hers |
herself |
it |
it |
its |
its |
itself |
we |
us |
our |
ours |
ourselves |
you |
you |
your |
yours |
yourself / yourselves |
they |
them |
their |
theirs |
themselves |
Some/Any/No
|
Affirmative sentences |
Negative sentences |
Interrogative sentences |
people: |
somebody |
anybody |
nobody/not anybody |
things: |
something |
anything |
nothing/ not anything |
places: |
somewhere |
anywhere |
nowhere/not anywhere |
1 Some, any and no are used with uncountable nouns (coffee, sugar, etc.)
and plural countable nouns (cars, flowers, etc.).
some coffee, some cars
2 Some and its compounds (someone, somebody, something, somewhere)
are normally used in affirmative sentences.
He’s got some friends.
There is somebody at the door.
3 Any and its compounds are usually used in interrogative sentences.
Not any is used in negative sentences.
Have you got any money?
There aren’t (=are not) any shops near here.
He is not anywhere.
4 Any and its compounds are also used with negative words such as without,
never, seldom, rarely, etc.
He left without any excuse. She has hardly any money left.
5 No and its compounds are used instead of not any in negative sentences.
They haven’t got any time./They’ve got no time.
6 We use a singular verb with compounds of some, any and no.
Someone is calling for help.
There is nothing on the table.
7 Some and its compounds are also used in interrogative sentences when we
make an offer or request.
Would you like some orange juice? (offer)
Can I say something? (request)
A Lot – Much – Many
A lot of/Lots of are used with both plural countable and uncountable nouns. They are normally used affirmative sentences.
Mary’s got a lot of /lots of dresses.
There is a lot of / lots of coffee in the pot,
Much and many are normally used in interrogative and negative sentences.
Much is used with uncountable and many with plural countable nouns.
There’s much cheese in the fridge.
There isn’t much cheese left.
‘Have you got many books?’ I haven’t got many books’
Much
We use much with singular (uncountable) nouns and many with plurals.
Much and many are most common in questions and negatives, and after so, as, too, very.
In other informal affirmative sentences, we generally prefer a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of).
‘How much time have we got?’ ‘ How many tickets do we need?’
‘Do you have much trouble with English?’ ‘I don’t have much trouble speaking, but I have lots of difficulty writing .’
‘Are there many opera houses in London?’ ‘Not many, but a lot of theatres and plenty of cinemas.’
There are too many people here.
I love you so much.