4. Translate into Russian.

1. May I use these diagrams? 2. They may have worked in the laboratory yesterday. 3. The instrument may have been improved because it has become better. 4. They were allowed to take these mathematical magazines home. 5. He may study at the University. 6. He may not have heard the news that’s why he looks as if nothing had happened. 7. May I ask you to explain this rule once more? 8. He may ring me up in the evening. 9. He may have rung me up in the evening.

5. a) Refer the following sentences to the past.

Pattern: He must go there.

He had to go there.

1. She must translate this English article. 2. He must speak to her. 3. The students must to write this test again. 4. They must stay at home.

b) Refer the following sentences to the future.

Pattern: He must go there.

He will have to go there.

1. He must take part in the discussion. 2. He must learn the new words. 3. Must you speak to him? 4. I must listen to him.

6. Translate into Russian.

1. You’ll have to repeat the experiment. 2. He must have worked hard at his English. 3. It must have taken him much time to prepare for the exam. 4. I could find nothing on mathematical logic in these books and I had to look through a lot of scientific magazines. 5. You will have to work hard to finish the work in time. 6. You must turn this fraction into a mixed number. 7. We had to perform long computations to check the answer. 8. The results must be available in some way to the user. 9. Most data must eventually be stored on disk for later use.

7. Translate into Russian.

1. You should consult a specialist before you take a decision. 2. You should have tested the device more carefully. 3. You should have been more careful with this instrument. 4. She ought to have known this rule better. 5. They should have been examined the machine again. 6. Our laboratory should be provided with all necessary instruments. 7. You ought to be careful with electrical appliances. 8. You are to be in time. 9. You were to translate this article from English into Russian using a dictionary. 10. We are to meet at 2 p.m.

8. Translate the text into English.

ОПТИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЬЮТЕР

С 1970 года стало очевидным (apparent), что существует возможность (possibility) для создания (construction) вычислительного устройства (device), в котором сигналы способны передаваться лучами лазерной радиации, а не электрическим током (by beams of laser radiation rather than electric currents). Есть мощный стимул (powerful incentive), чтобы разработать оптический компьютер (to work out an optical computer). Он может работать быстрее, чем электронный компьютер. При создании оптического компьютера должны быть использованы разнообразные схемы (various circuits). Многие из элементов, нужные для создания интегрированной оптической схемы (needed to make an integrated optical circuit), конструкторы уже демонстрировали.

Text 1 computer programming

Computer programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions.

The phase in which the system’s computer programs are written is called the development phase. During this phase programmers are to write lists of instructions that will be followed by the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in an appropriate order. Any data used by a program has to be described so that compiler knows how to store and retrieve it.

In order to avoid errors in programming logic plans should be developed. There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowcharting is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a “picture” of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than flowcharting.

TASKS

1. Give Russian equivalents of the words and transcribe them.

1. process (n.), (v.)

2. specific (adj.)

3. appropriate (adj.)

4. error (n.)

5. technique (n.)

6. pseudocode (n.)

2. Give English equivalents of:

1. cовокупность закодированных программ

2. решать особые задачи

3. выполнять особые функции

4. компьютерные программы

5. стадия разработки

6. список (перечень) инструкций

7. центральный процессор

8. необходимая (требуемая) последовательность

9. сохранять и извлекать

10. для того, чтобы избежать ошибок

11. построение блок-схемы

12. наглядное представление

13. заранее заданные символы

14. затратный по времени

3. Read and translate the text.

4. Match A and B

A

1. Computer programming

2. A development phase

3. A logic plan

4. A flowcharting

5. Pseudocode

B

1. … is an imitation of actual program instructions.

2. … is a period of time during which the computer programs are being written.

3. … is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions.

4. … is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic.

5. … is a sequence of instructions.

5. Finish up the sentences.

2. The author starts by the definition of computer programming. According to this definition… .

3. Then the author defines a development phase. It is… .

4. During this phase as the author writes a programmer should develop a logic plan which can be defined as… .

5. As to the logic plans they are … and … .

6. A flowcharting is … .

7. Pseudocode is… .

6. Give a brief summary of the text.

Expressions to be used:

1. The text is devoted to… .

2. The text deals with… .

3. The text is concerned with… .

4. The text informs on (about) … .