19. Translate the text from Russian into English. Use the list of words below for help.

Сушильное оборудование. В настоящее время появляются новые компании по обработке пищевых продуктов, а также дерева. Компании сталкиваются с проблемой быстрой и высококачественной сушки пищевых продуктов, и дерева. Для решения этой проблемы используются разные методы и виды сушильных камер: конвективные, микроволновые, аэродинамические, диэлектрические, вакуумные сушильные. Конвективные камеры имеют ряд недостатков – длительный период времени сушки, высокая потребляемая мощность, низкое качество. Вакуумные сушильные камеры и технологии наиболее перспективны. Они обеспечивают отличное качество сушки за короткий период времени, доступны по цене, мобильны. Монтаж и демонтаж сушильных камер производится в течение суток.

1) equipment – 2) face the problem – 3) fast – 4) wood – 5) convective – 6) micro-wave – 7) air-dynamic – 8) dielectric – 9) vacuum drying – 10) drawback – 11) long-drying time – 12) high power consumption – 13) low quality – 14) high cost/expensive – 15) vacuum dry technology – 16) perspective – 17) provide – 18) mobile – 19) mounting – 20) dismantling

20. Remember. There are two kinds of description: A – Non-technical and B – Technical. In the A-type description the writer tries to tell what he feels about something; in the B-type description there is no place for emotions. The purpose of the B-type is to give clear details of measurement and materials so that the reader could draw a sketch from the description. Read the model specifications to a vacuum chamber. Make the descriptions of the vacuum chambers below.

Model: 24 Inch Tube Standard Vacuum Chamber

The standard chamber is a 24 inch Cube, 24" high x 24" deep x 24" wide, a practical production size for use in vacuum degassing of liquids, plastics resins, and epoxies. With optional thermal shelves, these thermal vacuum chambers can be very effective in degassing polymeric mixtures containing silicones, urethanes and epoxies. This chamber is used in many industries where vacuum work is required.

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21. Read and say who, what, where, when, why/what for. Whom does vacuum science owe to?

Otto von Guericke was born November 20, 1602 in Magderburg, Germany and died in May 11, 1686. A German physicist, engineer, scientist, natural philosopher and inventor, von Guericke invented the first air pump and used to study vacuums and the role of the air in combustion and respiration. Thus his major scientific achievement was the establishment of the physics of vacuum. His latter pump designs used lever-operated pumping systems. With his experiments Guericke proved that substances were not pulled by a vacuum, but were pushed by the pressure of the surrounding fluids.

In 1663, von Guericke also built the first machine to create an electric spark. Guericke applied the barometer to weather prediction and thus prepared the way for meteorology. His later works focused on electricity, but little is preserved of his results. He invented the first electrostatic generator.

Evangelista Torricelli was born October 15, 1608 in Italy and died October 22, 1647 in Florence. He was a physicist and mathematician who invented the barometer. Inspired by Galileo’s writing, he wrote a treatise on mechanics, which impressed Galileo. In 1641 Torricelli was invited to Florence, where he served the elderly astronomer as secretary and assistant during the last three months of Galileo’s life. Torricelli was then appointed as professor of mathematics at the Florentine Academy. He was deeply involved in the study of pure mathematics. But he was also an experimenter. He filled a four-foot-long glass tube with mercury and inverted the tube into a dish. He observed that some of the mercury did not flow out and that above the mercury in the tube was vacuum. Toriricelli was the first man to create a sustained vacuum. After much observation, he concluded that the variation of the height of the mercury from day to day was caused by changes in the atmospheric pressure.

Follow-up Activities

22. Look through the Introductory, A and B texts again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about any of them.

1. The Basic Vacuum Terms and Notions.

2. History of PVD Coatings.

3. Vacuum Technology Industrial Applications and Prospects.

4. Vacuum Chambers.

5. Throughput Modes in Vacuum Technology Customer Services.

6. Vacuum Scientists.