14. Match the parts of the sentences.

1) our world is viewed 2) there is a world-class family 3) vacuum technology and equipment are 4) engineers and common people understand 5) vacuum systems aim to provide

a) unrivalled customer service b) in a very different way today c) the role of vacuum d) being widely developed e) of vacuum products

15. Make sure you can find the meanings of the terms below in an explanatory dictionary. Match the terms with their definitions.

a) vacuum cleaner, b) vacuum bottle(thermos), c) vacuum pump, d) tolerance, e) pressure, f) solvent, g) precision

1. flask having a vacuum liner (колба) which prevents the escape of heat from hot contents;

2. a device by which a partial vacuum can be produced;

3. an electrical apparatus for cleaning carpets, floors, etc. by suction;

4. the permissible variation of an object in hardness, weight or quantity;

5. a substance, usually a liquid, which can dissolve or form a solution with another substance;

6. the force exerted on the unit area of a surface;

7. made or done with great exactness.

16. Grammar Tutorials: Word Order, Miscellaneous

A. Scan the text about Aluminum carefully. Use the scattered Nouns – Verbs – Adjectives – Adverbial Modifiers below to make as many correct sentences as possible.

Aluminum is a light metal that is easily shaped and drawn out into the wire. It is a good conductor of electricity. Aluminum is the most common metallic element in the earth’s crust. It is extracted from its ore bauxite by electrolysis with molten cryolite as a flux. When left in the air, the surface reacts to form a layer of oxide (alumina), which prevents corrosion. The metal and its alloys are used for many purposes in various engineering fields, including the manufacture of cooking utensils, electrical equipment, aircraft, foil, canning equipment, etc.

Noun Verb Adjective Adverbial Modifier

metal shape light easily

wire draw out good by electrolysis

conductor extract common for many purposes

manufacture react metallic in the air

corrosion prevent various when left in the air

its alloys use various for drinks

B. Comment on the underlined lexical and grammar peculiarities.

Historically, PVD processes have been relatively expensive as the result of slow deposition rates, expensive vacuum equipment, and throughout limitations. In recent years, the use of PVD methods has expanded at an extremely rapid rate owing to reduced costs and, more importantly, because of increased demand for high-performance materials and coatings that cannot be produced by other methods.

Additional Activities: Miscellaneous

17. Translate the following sentences. Notice the difference in the underlined words.

1) The first piston type vacuum pump was invented by Otto von Guericke, 1602-86, German physicist.

2) Guernica is a Basque town in Northern Spain: bombed and destroyed in 1937 by German planes serving the insurgents in the Spanish civil war. It is also a painting (1937) by Pablo Picasso.

3) The first person to use a vacuum pump to be able to form a glow discharge (plasma) in a “vacuum tube” was M. Faraday in 1838.

4) Faraday 1. Michael, 1791-1867, English physicist and chemist: discoverer of electromagnetic induction. 2. Faraday is a unit of electricity used in electrolysis, equal to 96,500 coulombs.

5) Faraday dark space is the dark region between the negative glow and the positive column in a vacuum tube occurring when the pressure is low [named after Michael Faraday].

6) Edison Thomas Alva, 1) 1847-1931, US inventor, esp. of electrical devices; 2) Edison is a town in central New Jersey.

7) Edison effect is the phenomenon of the flow of electric current when an electrode sealed inside the bulb of an incandescent lamp is connected to the positive terminal of the lamp [named after T.A. Edison].

18. Read the following descriptions of throughput modes used in providing vacuum technologies in customer services. Do different exercises in small groups. Then share your knowledge with the whole group.

1. Read the text Canning (консервирование) and put questions to the given answers.

Canning is one of the oldest processes used for the commercial preservation of food. It is based on the principle that a food will be preserved indefinitely if it is heated to the proper temperature for the correct amount of time while sealed in an airtight container. In the canning process, containers made of metal, glass, or sturdy plastic-like materials are filled with food by machines that put exactly the right amount in each container. Mechanical filling is rapid. As many as 12,000 containers, can be filled in one minute.

а) No, it is one of the oldest processes.

b) That a food will be preserved if it is heated to the proper temperature.

c) They are filled by machines.

d) Yes, it is.

e) As many as 12,000 containers.

2. Scan the text Drying or Dehydration (сушка или обезвоживание), define the Tense forms of the verbs and the functions of the Infinitives.

The next form of processing to be commercially exploited was drying, or dehydration. Technically drying refers to leaving food in the sun to reduce moisture content; dehydration is artificial drying. Foods from which most of the water has been removed are protected against spoilage if they are sealed in packages that do not allow moisture to seep in. In dehydration all but about 2 percent of the water in the food is removed. Foods are dehydrated by exposure to a current of heated air or superheated steam. Heat turns the water in the food to steam. The steam is removed by circulating air or by a vacuum pump. Fruits and ^{vegetables, meat, fish, egg, and milk are all sometimes processed by dehydration.}

3. Translate the text Freeze-drying (замораживание) in a written form.

A processing method that uses a combination of freezing and dehydration is called freeze-drying. Foods that already have been frozen are placed in a vacuum-tight enclosure and dehydrated under vacuum conditions with careful application of heat. Normally ice melts and becomes water when heat is applied. If more heat is applied, it turns to steam. But in freeze-drying, the ice turns directly to vapor, and there is little chance that microorganisms will grow.

4. Scan the text Fermentation (ферментация). Rewrite the key words suitable for the text retelling.

Food preservation systems in general slow down or stop the growth of microorganisms, but not all microorganisms are harmful. Some, in fact, are commonly used in preservation. In the process known as fermentation, microorganisms convert carbohydrates to acid. Salt, or a brine solution made with salt, is also used. The amount of salt used determines whether or not any organism can grow and what types will grow. Fermented products are left in containers with salt solutions for several weeks in rooms with carefully controlled temperatures. Each group of microorganisms has an optimum temperature for growth, which the processor must maintain so that correct fermentation action will take place.

Fermented foods include pickles made of fruits and vegetables, wine and beer, cheeses, vinegar, and pickled meats.

5. Scan the text Irradiation (иррадиация, облучение). Choose the best summary from the statements below.

The newest process in the commercial preservation of food is called irradiation.

In this method foods are exposed to high-frequency waves generated by a machine. Energy from the waves is transferred to the food, and with the application of very little heat the composition of the food cells changes and microorganisms are destroyed. Because irradiation uses only a minimal amount of heat, flavour and nutrients are retained better than in any other processing method.

A. The irradiation harm to the environment is paid attention to in this text.

B. The text says about the advantage of irradiation process in preserving food.

C. The text shows the irradiation process drawbacks.