20. Scan the biography both I) in English and II) in Russian. Make a close look at English and Russian versions. Find and write down the differences.

I) Amadeo Avogadro was born in August 9, 1776, in Turin, Italy and died in July 9, 1856, also in Turin. He was a physicist who first set forth the hypothesis known as Avogadro’s Law, which states that equal volumes of gases or ‘vapors’, at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. This law explained why gases chemically combine in simple proportions by volume and led Avogadro to believe that the elements of hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen exist as diatomic molecules in nature. A professor of higher physics at the University of Turin for many years Avogadro’s number is the number of molecules in one gram-molecular-weight of any substance. Avogadro’s Law states that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gasses contain an equal number of molecules. This empirical relation, proposed by the Italian physicist Amadeo Avogadro in 1811, can be derived from the kinetic theory of gases under the assumption of a perfect (ideal) gas. The law is approximately valid for real gases at sufficiently low pressures and high temperatures.

II) Итальянский физик и химик Амедео Авогадро (1776-1856) по образованию был юристом, а математику, физику и химию изучил самостоятельно и настолько хорошо, что преподавал их в университете.

Авогадро установил точный состав множества химических веществ и открыл (1811 г.) закон, согласно которому в одинаковых объемах газов при одинаковых температурах и давлениях содержится одинаковое количество молекул.

Авогадро вел правильный и размеренный образ жизни, он был отцом восьми детей, был равнодушен к своим заслугам и известности.

Научные работы относятся к различным областям физики и химии. Указал (1814 г.) состав многих соединений щелочных и щелочноземельных металлов. Первым обратил внимание на аналогию в свойствах азота, фосфора, мышьяка и сурьмы

В 1820–1840 гг. занимался электрохимией, изучал тепловое расширение тел, теплоемкости и атомные объемы; при этом получил выводы, которые координируются с результатами позднее проведенных исследований Д.И. Менделеева.

Follow-up Activity

21. Make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about it.

1. Kinetic Devices (General View).

2. Compressors’ Operation and Designs.

3. Gas Compressors’ Application.

4. Compressors’ Branches and Purposes.

5. Refrigerator Compressor.

6. Amadeo Avogadro and his Accomplishments.

Unit VII. Vacuum Engineering and Its Prospects

Before you start: Think it over. Agree-Disagree

“Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic”. Arthur C. Clarke

Reading, Vocabulary & Creative Practice

1. Words to be remembered.

accessory damage implantation productivity

analyte daunt innovative repair

appearance demand layer replacement

attenuate device microchip repair

bio-structure edge mimic sensor

blower efficiency modeling spin

booster ESI nanotechnology spread

brass environment nanotube storage

bronze exciting pick up titanium dioxide

capture fabrication perspective tribological

ceramics filter polymer vacuum-deposited

composite gap predict vac. Engineering

copper impregnation procedure vital