5. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to text a.

1. The history of PVD is closely associated with psychology.

2. The term PVD seems to have been originally termed in 1966.

3. The first vacuum pump was invented to pump water out of mines.

4. The first person to use the vacuum pump was Edison.

5. Torr is a unit of current.

6. Grove was the first to study sputtering.

7. Grove used a tip of wire as a coating source.

8. Professor A.W. Wright published a paper on the use of mirrors.

9. Edison successfully argued that his invention was a pulsed arc.

10. Edison was the first to make commercial use of tires.

11. The term CVD means “countervailing duty” (компенсационная уравнительная пошлина).

12. Both CVD and PVD have no future.

13. Vacuum coatings offer flexibility.

14. All PVD processes can be divided into five stages.

15. Decorative business is not suitable for CVD.

6. Answer the following questions to text a.

1. When did Otto von Guericke live?

2. When were PVD processes invented?

3. What fields of technology is PVD associated with?

4. What kind of pump was the first vacuum pump?

5. What is M. Faraday famous for?

6. How did Grove study sputtering?

7. What was the pressure in Grove’s experiments?

8. When did Grove note a coating on a silver surface?

9. Where did Prof. Wright publish his paper?

10. How was Prof. Wright’s paper called?

11. Was Edison successful in his arguing on arcs?

12. What did Edison notice in sputtering?

13. What is Torr?

14. Where did A.W. Wright use ‘Electrical Deposition Apparatus?

15. What should present-day engineers and designers do to keep up to date?

7. Read text b carefully paying attention to the words in bold type.

B. Modern Vacuum Technology Applications

Our world is viewed in a very different way today than it was a hundred, fifty or even ten years ago. Not just in the types of products we manufacture but how we manufacture these products. If you were to try and build today’s cell phone back in the 60’s the package would be about the size of a high school gymnasium.

With more and more of today’s technologies entering miniaturization to the levels of the single atom and demand for precision reaching tolerance, which only can be read by an electron microscope, vacuum coatings and thin film technologies are rapidly branching out (расширять) to new industries every day.

Examples of some recent process solutions are: Photovoltaic Solar Cell.

Panels; Optical Electronic Communications; Semiconductor Research; Material Science; Military Applications; Aerospace Research; Thermal Space Simulation; Laboratory Equipment. One can say that small is beautiful and big is the best.

There is a world-class family of vacuum products to meet the evolving challenges of the analytical instrument and laboratory markets. Engineers as well as common people have a deep understanding of the role that vacuum plays at every step. Fascinating vacuum pumping solutions are being found that reduce costs while enhancing performance. Collaborative engineering contribute to assessing customer applications with an expert eye, addressing requirements and adding value to the end product.

Vacuum Technology and Equipment are being developed in many parts of the world, such as Africa, America, Belarus, Canada, China, Denmark, France, India, Italy, Russia, Taiwan, U.K. etc. Various vacuum pumps, compressors, portable equipment and stationary industrial vacuum systems are produced there.

The typical branch applications and throughput modes (processes) for few of these divisions are the following:

1. Pharmaceutical end products in Chemical Division (picture 4 from left to right). They produce and package pharmaceuticals in form of tablets, vials and ointments. Establishments in this industry may undertake one or more of several processes, including such as chemical synthesis, fermentation, distillation, solvent extraction and recovery, filling, freeze drying, separation, vacuum drying, etc.

2. Food, drink and beverage industry in Industrial Division (picture 6 from left to right). The production process must meet high standards of purity to preserve the unique characteristics of the brand. From creating a soft drink’s unique flavour to ensuring the purity of bottled water, stringent production and quality standards must be met. Typical throughput modes are filling, distillation, degassing, cooling water, product transfer, cleaning, mixing, packaging, bottling, heat transfer (hot water), washing.

3. Power generation in Energy & Environmental Division (picture 9 – “Energy & Environmental Division”). Power generation comprises establishments primarily engaged in operating electric power generation facilities. These facilities convert other forms of energy, such as waterpower, fossil fuels, nuclear power and solar power into electrical energy.

The establishments in this industry produce electric energy and provide electricity to transmission systems or to electric power distillation systems. Typical applications in energy generation are boiler feed, condensate, cooling-water, heat transfer (hot water).

Vacuum systems and technologies aim to provide unrivalled (не имеющий себе равных) customer service by being industry focused. Primarily, the industry segments can be divided into three divisions, which are Chemical, Industrial, Energy and Environmental. Study the table above.