- •Overview of Chromatin / Epigenetics
- •Protein Acetylation Signaling Pathway
- •Histone Lysine Methylation Pathway
- •Van Rechem c, Whetstine jr (2014) Examining the impact of gene variants on histone lysine methylation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1839(12), 1463–76.
- •Overview of map Kinase Signaling
- •Mapk/Erk in Growth and Differentiation Signaling Pathway
- •Sapk/jnk Signaling Pathway
- •Verma g, Datta m (2012) The critical role of jnk in the er-mitochondrial crosstalk during apoptotic cell death. J. Cell. Physiol. 227(5), 1791–5.
- •Signaling Pathways Activating p38 map Kinase
- •Overview of Apoptosis
- •Regulation of Apoptosis: Overview
- •Death Receptor Signaling Pathway
- •Van Herreweghe f, Festjens n, Declercq w, Vandenabeele p (2010) Tumor necrosis factor-mediated cell death: to break or to burst, that's the question. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 67(10), 1567–79.
- •Overview of Autophagy Resources
- •Autophagy Signaling Pathway
- •Translational Control Overview
- •Translational Control / Regulation of eIf2
- •Overview of Calcium, cAmp, and Lipid Signaling
- •Protein Kinase c Signaling
- •Phospholipase Signaling
- •Overview of Cell Cycle, Checkpoint Control and dna Damage
- •Van den Heuvel s, Dyson nj (2008) Conserved functions of the pRb and e2f families. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9(9), 713–24.
- •Cell Cycle g1/s Checkpoint Signaling Pathway
- •Van den Heuvel s, Dyson nj (2008) Conserved functions of the pRb and e2f families. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 9(9), 713–24.
- •Cell Cycle g2/m dna Damage Signaling Pathway
- •Overview of Cellular Metabolism
- •Ampk Signaling Pathway
- •Warburg Effect Signaling Pathway
- •Vander Heiden mg, Cantley lc, Thompson cb (2009) Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324(5930), 1029–33.
- •Overview of Stem Cell Markers, Development and Differentiation
- •Hippo Signaling Pathway
- •Notch Signaling Pathway
- •Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
- •Overview of Immunology and Inflammation
- •Jak/Stat Signaling Pathway
- •Vainchenker w, Constantinescu sn (2013) jak/stat signaling in hematological malignancies. Oncogene 32(21), 2601–13.
- •Toll-like Receptors (tlRs) Pathway
- •B Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway
- •T Cell Receptor Signaling Pathway
- •Overview of Tyrosine Kinase Signaling
- •ErbB / her Signaling Pathway
- •Angiogenesis Overview
- •Angiogenesis Signaling Pathway
- •Van Hinsbergh vw, Koolwijk p (2008) Endothelial sprouting and angiogenesis: matrix metalloproteinases in the lead. Cardiovasc. Res. 78(2), 203–12.
- •Adherens Junction Pathway
- •Overview of Neuroscience
- •Dopamine Signaling in Parkinson's Disease Pathway
- •Imai y, Lu b (2011) Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in Parkinson's disease: disordered cellular power plant becomes a big deal in a major movement disorder. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 21(6), 935–41.
- •Van der Vaart b, Akhmanova a, Straube a (2009) Regulation of microtubule dynamic instability. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 37(Pt 5), 1007–13.
- •Regulation of Actin Dynamics Signaling Pathway
- •Overview of Nuclear Receptors
- •Nuclear Receptor Signaling
- •Overview of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Proteins
- •Ubiquitin / Proteasome Pathway
- •Protein Folding
Protein Folding
Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) form seven families (small HSPs (sHSPs), HSP10, 40, 60, 70, 90, and 100) of molecular chaperone proteins that play a central role in the cellular resistance to stress and actin organization. They are involved in the proper folding of proteins and the recognition and refolding of misfolded proteins. HSP expression is induced by a variety of environmental stresses, including heat, hypoxia, nutrient deficiency, free radicals, toxins, ischemia, and UV radiation. HSP27 is a member of the sHSP family. It is phosphorylated at Ser15, Ser78, and Ser82 by MAPKAPK-2 as a result of the activation of the p38 MAP kinase pathway. Phosphorylation and increased concentration of HSP27 has been implicated in actin polymerization and reorganization. HSP70 and HSP90 interact with unfolded proteins to prevent irreversible aggregation and catalyze the refolding of their substrates in an ATP- and co-chaperone-dependent manner. HSP70 has a broad range of substrates including newly synthesized and denatured proteins, while HSP90 tends to have a more limited subset of substrates, most of which are signaling molecules. HSP70 and HSP90 are also essential for the maturation and inactivation of nuclear hormones and other signaling molecules.
References
Stenmark H (2009) Rab GTPases as coordinators of vesicle traffic. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10(8), 513–25.
Horgan CP, McCaffrey MW (2009) The dynamic Rab11-FIPs. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 37(Pt 5), 1032–6.
Evans CG, Chang L, Gestwicki JE (2010) Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) as an emerging drug target. J. Med. Chem. 53(12), 4585–602.
Lanneau D, Wettstein G, Bonniaud P, Garrido C (2010) Heat shock proteins: cell protection through protein triage. ScientificWorldJournal 10, 1543–52.
Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Saber H, Ferns GA (2012) The potential role of heat shock protein 27 in cardiovascular disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 413(1-2), 15–24.
Horgan CP, McCaffrey MW (2011) Rab GTPases and microtubule motors. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 39(5), 1202–6.
Stenmark H (2009) Rab GTPases as coordinators of vesicle traffic. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10(8), 513–25.
Horgan CP, McCaffrey MW (2009) The dynamic Rab11-FIPs. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 37(Pt 5), 1032–6.
Evans CG, Chang L, Gestwicki JE (2010) Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) as an emerging drug target. J. Med. Chem. 53(12), 4585–602.
Lanneau D, Wettstein G, Bonniaud P, Garrido C (2010) Heat shock proteins: cell protection through protein triage. ScientificWorldJournal 10, 1543–52.
Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Saber H, Ferns GA (2012) The potential role of heat shock protein 27 in cardiovascular disease. Clin. Chim. Acta 413(1-2), 15–24.
Horgan CP, McCaffrey MW (2011) Rab GTPases and microtubule motors. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 39(5), 1202–6.
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