Uchebnik_Sukhanova

(ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 120, ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 296, ɫɬ. 298 ȽɄ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ʉ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɤɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ (ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɥɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ) ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ (ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ) ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɚ (§ 89 Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ). ȼ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ — ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ1.

ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɜɫɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 50 ȽɄ). ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ). ɗɬɨ — ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɇɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 50 ȽɄ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ. ɋɬɚɬɭɫ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ), ɧɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ).

Ʉ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ), ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɮɨɧɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɵ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ). Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 50 ȽɄ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ.

ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɹɞ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ɇɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ (ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ) ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɬɟɫɧɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ (ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɡɚɞɚɱ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɜɭɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ: ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ), ɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɰɟɥɟɣ1.

ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ɉɟɪɜɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ — ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ (ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɉɧɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɟɫɥɢ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ — ɧɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ), ɬ.ɟ. ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ, ɚ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ — ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 48 ȽɄ) ɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ.

ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ — ɧɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ, ɧɚ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 48 ȽɄ). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɧɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɭ ɢ, ɤɚɤ

ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ.

Ʉ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ — ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ (ɢɯ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ (ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ) ɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɧɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɧɢ ɜɟɳɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ. ɗɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ — ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɮɨɧɞɵ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɵ) ɢ ɞɪ. (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ, ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜ).

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹ). ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɟɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɱɢɬɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɸ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ — ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ (ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɭ ɚɤɰɢɣ). ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶ-ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ.

§2. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ

1.ɉɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ

Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ,

ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 48 ȽɄ):

1)ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ;

2)ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;

3)ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ;

4)ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɞɚɯ ɨɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɜɫɹɤɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ — ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ, ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ) ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ — ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ.

Ʉɚɤ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ) ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ — ɭɫɬɚɜɟ, ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 52 ȽɄ). ȼ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ — ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ.

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɚɜ, ɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ — ɭɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ (ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɚɯ), ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ

— ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ (ɜ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɚɧɞɢɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ)1. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɧɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ (ɬɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ) ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ)2.

ɂɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ (ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ) ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ, ɚ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼɟɞɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨ-ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ.

Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ) ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɩɪɚɜ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɱɢɫɥɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ) ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɜɟɳɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ1. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ «ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ», ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɳɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɨɧɚ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ (ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨɛ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ). ɉɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɞɚɠɟ ɢ «ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ»), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ «ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ» ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɧɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ2, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ «ɩɭɫɬɵɲɤɢ» ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ.

ɉɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ «ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ» (ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ — «ɫɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ», ɜ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɯ — «ɩɚɟɜɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ»), ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɳɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɢ (ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ), ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɯɨɬɹ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ). ȼ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɟ) (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦ. § 2 ɝɥ. 20 ɬɨɦɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ).

ȼɫɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɱɟɬɭ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ1 (ɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɸ-ɧɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɭ — ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɦɟɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ). ɑɢɫɥɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ), ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɨ ɟɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɭ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɭɱɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɢ ɧɟɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ.

ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ «ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ» ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ (ɢɥɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ) ɱɢɫɥɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɡɚɣɦɵ (ɜ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ) ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɤɚɤ «ɱɭɠɢɟ» (ɡɚɟɦɧɵɟ), ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ.

ɋ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɟɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ. ɋɦɵɫɥ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɵ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɟ (ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡ-ɩɨɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɧɨɟ, ɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ). ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ (ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɟɜɨɣ ɮɨɧɞ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɫɪ. ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 90 ɢ ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 99 ȽɄ). ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 56 ȽɄ), ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɱɢɫɥɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɱɟɬɚɯ) ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ. ɇɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɡɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ) ɨɧɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɚɪɧɵɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɥɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ).

ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ. ɂɦɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ), ɚ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɢ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 54 ȽɄ) (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ «ɛɢɪɠɚ» ɢ «ɛɚɧɤ» ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ʉɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɮɢɪɦɭ), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ȺɈ «ȺɜɬɨȼȺɁ»; ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ «Ȼɪɹɧɫɤɚɜɬɨɫɟɪɜɢɫ»; Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ ɞɨɦ «ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɵɧɨɜɶɹ», ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ. Ɏɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ (ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɭɫɥɭɝ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɮɢɪɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɚɹ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɜ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɥɚɧɤɚɯ, ɜɵɜɟɫɤɚɯ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɟ, ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ (ɛɟɡ ɟɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɛɵɬɤɨɜ (ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 54 ȽɄ). ȼ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɧɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɮɢɪɦɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ) ɩɪɚɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ1.

ɐɟɥɹɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 32 ɬɨɦɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ).

ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ («ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ»), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 54 ȽɄ) ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɟɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ, ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ – ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ2.

ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɮɢɪɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɚ (ɢɫɬɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɱɢɤɚ). əɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ (ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ — ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɚɯ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ1. ɇɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ (ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ) ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. ȼ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ . ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ

ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɬɰɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɱɢɤɨɦ ɜ ɫɭɞɟ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 48 ȽɄ).

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ — ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɟɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 51 ȽɄ), ɬ.ɟ. ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ (ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ)2.

2. ɉɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ

Ʉɚɤ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɡɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ (ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ).

ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 49, ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 51 ȽɄ). ɍ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɠɟ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ — ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɩ. 8 ɫɬ. 63 ȽɄ).

ɉɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɨɛɳɟɣ), ɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ), ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɪɭɝɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ, ɢɛɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ

ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ (ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ), ɢɛɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 49 ȽɄ).

Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ1. əɫɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢɛɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɭɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ.

ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ) ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, «ɧɟɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ» ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ). ɋ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɛɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɞɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ȽɄ ɊɎ, ɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɳɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ (ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 49 ȽɄ). ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ — ɧɟɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ (ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ).

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɹ), ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 49 ȽɄ) ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɜɵɞɚɱɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɟɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (ɚɛɡ. 3 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 49 ȽɄ)1. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ, ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɢɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ «ɫɚɦɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ» ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɢɥɭ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɥɢɰ — ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ, ɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɦ (ɫɬ. 173 ȽɄ). ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɨɜɟɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ (ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ), ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɫɞɟɥɨɤ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɨɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ (ɢɛɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ), ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɡɧɚɥɢ ɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɯ (ɫɬ. 168 ȽɄ).

3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ

ɉɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 53 ȽɄ), ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɜɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɸ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ

ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ (ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ (ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ, ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ, ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ, ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ). Ʉɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰɚɯ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ (ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɯ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɚɯ). ȼɵɫɲɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɮɨɧɞɚɯ (ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ), ɢ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ), ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ. ɗɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɣ «ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ» ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ (ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ) ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɢ (ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ).

Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɢ («ɜɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ») ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɢ ɜɨɜɧɟ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ — ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ («ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ», ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɵ)1. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɜɨɥɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɥɸ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ.

ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ) ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ. ɂɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɥɢ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ (ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ) ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ (ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ) ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɹɫɶ ɟɝɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 53 ȽɄ). ɉɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ ɭɛɵɬɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ (ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ) ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɬ.ɟ. ɜɨɥɟɣ ɟɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹ (ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚ). ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɢɯ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ (ɫɬ. 168 ȽɄ), ɢɛɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚ-ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 295 ȽɄ). ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ), ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɯ (ɫɬ. 174 ȽɄ).

ȿɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ), ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ (ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ, ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ). Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ) (ɫɨɜɟɬ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ), ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ). ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɟ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ.

ɉɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ (ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɰɢɢ (ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ (ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɦ) ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ (ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 113 ȽɄ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɯ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɢɰɟ-ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ).

ȼ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɢɤɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɪɟɞ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɸ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɇɨ ɨɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɧɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ,

ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ (ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ) ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ (ɩ.1 ɫɬ.1068 ȽɄ), ɢɛɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɨɠɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ (ɜɨɥɢ) ɷɬɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ.

4. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ

ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɧɨ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɲɢɬɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 55 ȽɄ), ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɏɢɥɢɚɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ (ɰɟɥɟɣ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 55 ȽɄ). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɮɢɥɢɚɥ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ɏɢɥɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶ — ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ (ɢ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ) ɡɚ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɍɚɤɨɜɵ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɭɡɨɜ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ.

ɋɨɡɞɚɜɲɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ (ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɵ) ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɟɦɭ ɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ. ȼɟɞɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ɇɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɜɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɢɯ ɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦ.

Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɸ (ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ) ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ (ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 55 ȽɄ), ɬ.ɟ. ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ (ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɵɞɚɬɶ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ1). Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɟɦɭ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɧɟ «ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ» ɮɢɥɢɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ȼɟɞɶ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨ ɮɢɥɢɚɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ2.

§3. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ

1.ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ (ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ

ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɨɥɟ ɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ (ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ) ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ

ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ — ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 51 ȽɄ).

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ (ɱɥɟɧɵ) (ɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɯ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɯ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ) ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ ɢɯ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɜɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɤɥɚɞɵ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ).

Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ (ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ) ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɹɜɨɱɧɨ-ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ (ɢɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɹɜɨɱɧɵɣ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɹɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ «ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ» ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ1.

ȼɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɧ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ) ɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɚɤɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ1. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɭɫɥɭɝɨɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ)2. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ (ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ).

ȼɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 51 ȽɄ). ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɞɚɬɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɦ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ1. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɢɫɨɤ ɢɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɩɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ (ɫɬ. 6 ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɭ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɟ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɂɚɤɨɧɟ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬ. Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɨɤ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɹɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ. Ɉɬɤɚɡ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɧɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɢɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɡ-ɡɚ «ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ». ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɬɤɚɡɟ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɠɚɥɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ.

Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɨɣ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ) ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɯ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɵɯ, ɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɧɟɠɟɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬ. 51 ȽɄ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɟɟ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ).

2.ɉɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ

Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ.

Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɤɚɤ:

ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ;

ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ;

ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ;

ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ) ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ;

ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 57 ȽɄ).

ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦ (ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ — ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɜɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ). ɉɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ, ɢɛɨ ɤ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɦɭ (ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ) ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ

ɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɚ (ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ).

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ,

ɜɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ), ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ), ɥɢɛɨ ɢ ɬɨ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ (ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ «ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ», ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ «ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ» ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ) ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ1.

Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɠɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɥɢɲɶ ɦɟɧɹɹ ɫɜɨɸ «ɨɞɟɠɞɭ» (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ «ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ» ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ «ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ» ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. Ɍɚɤ, ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ (ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɸɡ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ; ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ2. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ 80-ɯ – ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 90-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ «ɪɚɡɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ» ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ («ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ» ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ «ɚɪɟɧɞɧɵɟ» ɢ «ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ» ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.

Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 57 ȽɄ). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ1.

ȼɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɞɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢɡ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 19 Ⱥɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ). ɉɪɢ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 57 ȽɄ).

Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ (ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ) (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ), ɥɢɛɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɦ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ) (ɫɬ. 58 ȽɄ). ȼ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɚɤɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɛɟɡ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 59 ȽɄ). ɋɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ, ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ «ɡɚɬɟɪɹɥɢɫɶ» ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɬɚɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ — ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ

ɜɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤɚɦ. ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɪɨɡɢɬ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ (ɟɫɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɪɟɦɟɧɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɥɝɚɦɢ). ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ).

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɩɪɢɧɹɜɲɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɢɥɢ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ

ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɭɛɵɬɤɨɜ (ɩ. 1 ɢ 2 ɫɬ. 60 ȽɄ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɜɲɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ɇɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɥɟɱɶ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 59 ȽɄ), ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɥɢɞɚɪɧɭɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 60 ȽɄ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɢ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ (ɡɚɦɟɧɵ) ɚɤɰɢɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ (ɫɬ. 16 ɢ 17 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ «Ɉɛ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ»). ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ «ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɵ» (ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ «ɧɟɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ»), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɟɣɫɹ) ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ — ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 57 ȽɄ). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ.

3. ɉɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ

Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 61 ȽɄ). ɗɬɢɦ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤɭ (ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤɚɦ). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ (ɫɢɧɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ) ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɨ: ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ – ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ), ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɢɧɵɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɩ. 7 ɫɬ. 63 ȽɄ), ɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɥɝɢ) ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɥɢɰ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ (ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɚɪɧɭɸ) ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɫɪ. ɩ. 6 ɫɬ. 63 ȽɄ).

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤɚɦ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ (ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ) ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ.

Ʌɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɢɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɞɚɱɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ). Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɨɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦɢ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 65 ȽɄ). ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 119 ȽɄ, ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 18 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ) ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 61 ȽɄ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ) ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɛɵɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚɦ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ