Uchebnik_Sukhanova
.pdfɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ (ɚɛɡ. 5 ɫɬ. 1; ɩ. 1, 3 ɫɬ. 4 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 11 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1998 ɝ. «Ɉ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ»1);
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 15 ɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2000 ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɭ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ (ɫɬ. 4 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 11 ɢɸɥɹ 2001 ɝ. «Ɉ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ»1);
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ (ɩ. 2, 3 ɫɬ. 968 ȽɄ);
ɨɛɳɢɧɵ ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ (Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɬ 6 ɢɸɥɹ 2000 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɧ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɚ, ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢ Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɝɨ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣ-
ɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ»2). Ɉɛɳɢɧɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɰ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɨɜɧɨɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ (ɫɟɦɶɹ, ɪɨɞ)
ɢ(ɢɥɢ) ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɨɫɟɞɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɫɤɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɚɪɚɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɬ. 116 ȽɄ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɋɋɋɊ ɨɬ 26 ɦɚɹ 1988 ɝ. «Ɉ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ»3 ɢ ɬɢɩɨɜɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɳɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ȽɄ ɊɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɊɎ.
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɊɎ ɨɬ 19 ɢɸɧɹ 1992 ɝ. «Ɉ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ (ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɢɯ ɫɨɸɡɚɯ) ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ»1, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ, ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ, ɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬ. 1, 5 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɟɜɵɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ, ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɡɚɤɭɩɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɨɜ, ɞɢɤɨɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɯ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ, ɹɝɨɞ ɢ ɝɪɢɛɨɜ, ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ; ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ., ɱɬɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɥɟɧɵ: ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ (ɚ ɜ 30-ɯ – 50-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ — ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ) ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɯ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɯ (ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɢ); ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ; ɩɪɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɟɠɧɸɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢ ɜ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ (ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ) ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ.
§3. ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ
1.ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜ
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɦɢ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜ ɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ (ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɠɢɥɶɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚɯ.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜ:
ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ;
ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɢɦ ɠɢɥɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ (ɫɬ. 291 ȽɄ; ɱ. 8 ɫɬ. 1 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 24 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1992 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ»1; ɫɬ. 1, 24 ɢ 25 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 24 ɦɚɹ 1996 ɝ. «Ɉ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ»2).
Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ: ɩɨɞɜɚɥɨɜ, ɤɪɵɲ ɢ ɱɟɪɞɚɤɨɜ, ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɨɤ, ɥɢɮɬɨɜ, ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ. Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɨ-ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ, ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɚɟɜɵɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ.
ɋɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɨɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ — ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɟ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 1, 2 ɫɬ. 4 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ).
Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɞɨɦɨɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ — ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ). ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜ.
ɋɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɨɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ-ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ) ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɑɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ) ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɊɎ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɲɢɟ 18 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɜ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ) ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 16 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ).
Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɟɦɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɚɜ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɚɱ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɏɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ (ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ) ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɪɚɦɤɚɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ (ɨɛɳɟɣ) ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. ɂɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ) ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ (ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɞɚɱɧɨɦɭ) ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 4 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ).
ȼɵɫɲɢɦ (ɜɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ) ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ), ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɸ, ɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ. ɂɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ) ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ (ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ). Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ (ɪɟɜɢɡɨɪ), ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɹ (ɪɟɜɢɡɨɪ) ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɨɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ.
2.ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɢɦ ɠɢɥɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɑɥɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɠɢɥɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫ ɭɬɪɚɬɨɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɢ (ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɧɢɤɢ) ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɠɢɥɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ. ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɢɡ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɭɩɥɚɬɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɨɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ.
Ɍɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ1. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɧɟɬ ɩɚɟɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ.
ɑɥɟɧɵ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɝɨ (ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ) ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɞɚɱɧɨɝɨ) ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ; ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɩɚɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɡɧɨɫɚ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɟɥɢɦɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ; ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɥɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɬɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɢɦ ɞɨɥɸ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɑɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɞɨɪɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɦ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɥɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ; ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɪɟɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɢɬɭɬɨɜ; ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɠɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ, ɱɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ. Ɉɧɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɤ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
§4. ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ
1.ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (partnership) ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ (Partnerschaftsgesellschaft) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨɬ 25 ɢɸɥɹ 1994 ɝ., ɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɰ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩ. 1 ɢ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 8 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ).
ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ:
ɮɨɧɞɨɜɵɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ (ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 11 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ1);
ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɢ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɨɜ (ɫɬ. 22 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 26 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2002 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ»2);
ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɞɚɱɧɵɟ) ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 4 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɢɯ,
ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɚɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ).
ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɜɭɯ. ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 14 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). ȼ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɢ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɵɫɲɢɦ (ɜɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ) ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɸ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ. ȼ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
(ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ) ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.).
ɇɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ (ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ), ɮɨɧɞ ɢɥɢ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɭɸ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 17 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). ɋɚɞɨɜɨɞɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɨɝɨɪɨɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɱɧɨɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
2. ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 8 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). ɑɚɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɡɧɨɫɚɦ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 20 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). ɉɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɸ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ. Ɂɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. ɂɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 8 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ).
§ 5. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ
1. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ
ɋɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɫɬ. 121 Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ, ɫɬ. 11 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɢɧɵɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ.
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɟɣ (ɫɨɸɡɨɦ) ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ (ɩ. 1 ɢ 2 ɫɬ. 121 ȽɄ; ɩ. 1 ɢ 2 ɫɬ. 11 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ).
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 11 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 27 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1995 ɝ. «Ɉ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ»1 ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɸɡɚ) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ «ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ» ɎɉȽ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɯɨɥɞɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ «ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɢɟ» ɢ «ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɟ» ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ (ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ) ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɚ ɜɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 121 ȽɄ; ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 11 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ).
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɵ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ.
ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɪɨɡɧɶ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ (ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 50 ȽɄ), ɯɨɬɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɭ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɞɚɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɜ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 122 ȽɄ; ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 14 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). ȼ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ, ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜɟ — ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɞɚɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɭ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɚ).
ɂɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɤ ɜɡɧɨɫɭ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ. ɂɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ, ɬɨ ɟɟ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ (ɜɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ) ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ), ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɩ. 1–3 ɫɬ. 29 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). ɂɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ) ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɚ) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ — ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ (ɫɨɸɡ) ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɮɨɧɞ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɭɸ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɧɨ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɨɦ (ɫɪ. ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 65 ȽɄ). Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 20 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ), ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ).
2.ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɚ) ɧɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɢ ɜɟɳɧɵɯ, ɧɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 48 ȽɄ). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ (ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ) ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɚ).
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 123 ȽɄ; ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 12 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ), ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ; ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɚɱ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨ ɭɩɥɚɬɟ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ, ɡɚ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɢɡ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɚ) ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 123 ȽɄ; ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 12 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ).
ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɚɪɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɚ). ɉɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɸɡɚ (ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 121 ȽɄ; ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 11 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ; ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 14 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ). Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɡɧɨɫɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɟɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɚ).
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ (ɫɨɸɡ) ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɚɪɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 123 ȽɄ; ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 12 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ).
3.Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ
ȼɮɨɪɦɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɣɨɧɧɵɟ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɧɵɟ, ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ,
ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɸɡɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬ. 31 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɸɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 31 ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɸɡɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ «ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɨɜ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɋɋɊ ɢ ɊɋɎɋɊ.
Ʉ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ (ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ) ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ (ɩ. 5 ɫɬ. 2 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɚɯ); ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɭɱɪɟɠɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɊɎ (Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɬ 17 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1999 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ»1); ɨɛɳɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ (ɫɬ. 24–29 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 3 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2002 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ»2); ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ.
Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 1 ɢ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 3 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 7 ɢɸɥɹ 1993 ɝ. «Ɉ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɚɬɚɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ»3).
Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɥɚɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ (ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɚɬɚ (Ɍɉɉ) ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 15 ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ Ɍɉɉ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɭɫɬɚɜ. ɑɥɟɧɚɦɢ Ɍɉɉ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɫɨɸɡɵ ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ). Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ Ɍɉɉ ɩɨ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɝɚɦ ɩɚɥɚɬɵ. ȼ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ɍɉɉ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɸɡɚ).
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɞɚɧɧɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɪɵɧɤɭ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ (ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ) (ɫɬ. 48–50 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 20 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1996 ɝ. «Ɉ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ»1; ɩ. 1.3 ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ «Ɉ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ»2).
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɵɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɫɬ. 21, 22 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɟ).
§6. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ
1.ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ
Ɉɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ — ɮɨɪɦɚ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ — ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɫɬ. 3 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 30 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 2002 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ»1).
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ.
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ, ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɦɭ, ɦɟɠɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ (ɫɬ. 4 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ). ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ:
ɨɛɳɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
ɨɛɳɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɟ (ɦɟɠɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɟ) ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɟ, ɦɟɠɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɟ) ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ-ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɸɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɢɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ (ɫɬ. 10, 11 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ).
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɸɡɨɜ, ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ.
Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ. ɉɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
2. ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ȼ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ; ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ; ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ. ɑɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ.
ɑɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
§ 7. Ɍɨɜɚɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɪɠɚ
1. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɛɢɪɠɢ
Ɍɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɛɢɪɠɟɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɟɸ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 2 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 20 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 1992 ɝ. «Ɉ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɛɢɪɠɚɯ ɢ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ»1).
Ɍɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɚɦɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɋ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɵɧɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɢ (ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ) ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɢɪɠɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɥɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɭɞɨɪɨɠɚɧɢɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɢɪɠɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɟɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɪɠ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ.
Ȼɢɪɠɚ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɭɸ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɹɳɢɟ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɢɯ. Ȼɢɪɠɟɜɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.
Ɍɨɜɚɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɪɠɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɛɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ; ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ; ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɮɨɧɞɵ; ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɛɢɪɠɢ; ɢɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɰ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ.
ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɚɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ: ɨ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɪɠɟ; ɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɟɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ; ɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɛɢɪɠɢ; ɨɛ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɪɠɟ; ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ; ɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɨɧɞɚɯ ɛɢɪɠɢ.
Ȼɭɞɭɱɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨɜɚɪɧɚɹ ɛɢɪɠɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɛɢɪɠɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ (ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹ) ɛɢɪɠɢ ɜ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɟ (ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɢ) ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 10%.
Ɋɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɪɠɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ.
2.ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɱɥɟɧɨɜ) ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɣ ɛɢɪɠɢ
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɪɠɟ, ɜɫɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ, ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɛɢɪɠɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɪɠɟɣ. ɑɥɟɧɵ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɞɢɜɢɞɟɧɞɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɛɢɪɠɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ. ɉɨɥɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɚɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɚɤ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɟ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ (ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ). ɇɟɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɚɯ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɰɢɹɯ (ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ) ɢɥɢ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɤɰɢɢ (ɨɬɞɟɥɚ).
ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɥɟɬ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ (ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɑɥɟɧɵ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɞɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜ «ɚɪɟɧɞɭ» (ɩ. 6 ɢ 7 ɫɬ. 14 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɛɢɪɠɚɯ).
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜ ɟɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɟ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ. Ɂɚ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɛɠɚɥɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ.
§8. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
1.ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɟ)
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɸɡɵ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɢ ɩɪ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɭ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ. ɇɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɟɡ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ (ɱ. 4 ɫɬ. 3 ɢ ɱ. 1 ɫɬ. 21 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 14 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1995 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ»1; ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 8 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɤɨɧɚ |
ɨɬ |
8 |
ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ |
1995 |
ɝ. |
«Ɉ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ |
ɫɨɸɡɚɯ, ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɹɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ»2). |
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Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɷɬɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ (ɚɛɡ. 2 ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 117 ȽɄ; ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 24 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ) ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɵ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɚɬɶ ɮɨɧɞɵ (ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɪ.), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɨɜ (ɩ. 6 ɫɬ. 24 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɚɯ). ɉɨ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɨɯɨɞɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɟ, ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 26 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ (ɫɬ. 29 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ), ɬ.ɟ. ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɤ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥ.
Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɱɥɟɧɨɜ) ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ (ɫɬ. 6, ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 8 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ).
ɍɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɭɫɬɚɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢɡ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɧɨɫɵ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɥɨɬɟɪɟɣ, ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɢɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɚɯ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɡɜɟɧɶɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɚ ɧɢɦɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ.
Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɞɚ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ — ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɞɚ (ɱ. 2 ɫɬ. 26 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ). Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 1 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɵ ɧɟɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɚɦɢ).
2.ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ
ȼɵɫɲɢɦ (ɜɨɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ) ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ |
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɴɟɡɞ (ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ) ɢɥɢ |
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ɨɛɳɟɟ |
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ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ |
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ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, |
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ |
ɢɡɛɢɪɚɸɬ |
ɟɝɨ |
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ |
(ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ) |
ɨɪɝɚɧɵ |
ɢɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɫɨɜɟɬ, ɩɪɟɡɢɞɢɭɦ, ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɨɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. ȼ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 30 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ). ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɫɬ. 27 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ).
ȼɫɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɑɥɟɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨ ɭɩɥɚɬɟ ɱɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɡɧɨɫɨɜ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɵɯɨɞ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɇɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 117 ȽɄ).
3.Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
ɚ) ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ ɱɥɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɢ
ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ (ɫɬ. 117 ȽɄ; ɫɬ. 6 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ; ɫɬ. 8 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ);
ɛ) ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɊɎ, ɢɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɵ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 8 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɬ 26 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1997 ɝ. «Ɉ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ»1).