Uchebnik_Sukhanova

ɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬ. 162 ȽɄ.

6. ɇɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ȼ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɱɚɫɬɨ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 339 ȽɄ); ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 389 ȽɄ); ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɪɟɧɬɵ (ɫɬ. 584 ȽɄ). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ

ɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ.

ɇɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ,

ɪɢɭɫɨɦ, ɩɪɟɡɸɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɵɟ. ɇɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɊɎ «Ɉɛ Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɬɟ»1 ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɟ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɊɎ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ2. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɤ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ: ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɨɦ ɜɨɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜɪɚɱɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɧɨɦ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. (ɫɦ. ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 185 ȽɄ).

ɇɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 165 ȽɄ). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɭɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɋɭɞ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɜɲɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 165 ȽɄ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ, ɭɤɥɨɧɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɹɡɚɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɜ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

ɥɚɫɶ, ɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɭɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɚ

ɥɚɫɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɚɹ (ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ) ɫɞɟɥɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɨ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɭɞɭ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ.

7. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɣ) ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ, ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ

ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɯ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ

ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɚɤɬ ɟɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ1.

ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ.

ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 165 ȽɄ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ — ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 339 ȽɄ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɛ ɢɩɨɬɟɤɟ (ɡɚɥɨɝɟ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ) ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 5 ɫɬ. 13 ɉɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɊɎ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɟɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ.

ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 433 ȽɄ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ (ɧɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ), ɚ ɧɟ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩ.2 ɫɬ. 558 ȽɄ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ, ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɵ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ɂɡ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 560 ȽɄ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ.

ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɜ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɰɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɧɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɭɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɭɞ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɵɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɞɚ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 165 ȽɄ, ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 16 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ «Ɉ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɧɢɦ»1). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ, ɭɤɥɨɧɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɩ. 4 ɫɬ. 165 ȽɄ, ɩ. 1 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɧɢɦ).

Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ:

ɚ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ; ɛ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ;

ɜ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ, ɨɛɪɟɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ) ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ȿɞɢɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɟɫɬɪɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɸɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ2.

ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɩɨɬɟɤɚ, ɫɟɪɜɢɬɭɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɟɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɪɟɫɬ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ). ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬ. 130, 131, 132, 164 ȽɄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ «Ɉ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫ ɧɢɦ». Ɏɚɤɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ (ɫɬ. 131 ȽɄ).

ɋɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɞɜɢɠɢɦɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 164 ȽɄ). Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɫɬ. 25 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ «Ɉ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɨɦ ɮɨɧɞɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɭɡɟɹɯ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ»1 ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɭɩɥɢɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɭɡɟɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɊɎ, ɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ Ɇɭɡɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɊɎ.

ɋɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ — ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɫɬ. 10, 13 ɉɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɊɎ, ɫɬ. 27 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɊɎ «Ɉ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɚɯ, ɡɧɚɤɚɯ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ». ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ (ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɛ ɭɫɬɭɩɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ) ɢ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɧɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ.

ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬ. 550 ȽɄ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ, ɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 551 ȽɄ ɊɎ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 551 ȽɄ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ.

Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ. ɋɭɞɟɛɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ, ɞɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɟɰ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɝɨ ɢɡ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ, ɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɦ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɛ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɟɰ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ1.

Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɟɰ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɵ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɫɹ, ɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɵ ɨɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɥ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɨ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ.

Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɬ. 5 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɊɎ «Ɉ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ» ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɗȼɆ ɢ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ1.

Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬ. 29 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɊɎ «Ɉ

ɪɵɧɤɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ»2 ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɭɸ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɸ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɭ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɭ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɚɪɢɹ — ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɨ ɥɢɰɟɜɨɦɭ ɫɱɟɬɭ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ⱥɤɬɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɫ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɆȼȾ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ3. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɚɤɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɨɪɨɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ.

Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɋ.ɋ. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞ. ɢɧ-ɬɚ. ȼɵɩ. 13. ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤ 1970.

Ȼɪɚɝɢɧɫɤɢɣ Ɇ.ɂ., ȼɢɬɪɹɧɫɤɢɣ ȼ.ȼ. Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ: ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɞ. 2-ɟ. Ɇ., 1999.

ɂɫɚɤɨɜ ȼ.Ȼ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ. Ɇ., 1984.

Ʉɪɚɫɚɜɱɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ. Ɇ., 1958.

Ʉɪɢɜɰɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ. Ɇ. 2003.

ɇɨɜɢɰɤɢɣ ɂ.Ȼ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ. ɂɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɇ., 1954.

Ɉɣɝɟɧɡɢɯɬ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɨɥɹ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ (Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ). Ⱦɭɲɚɧɛɟ, 1983.

1Ɉɰɟɧɢɜɚɹ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. ɋɦ.: Ʉɪɚɫɚɜɱɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ. Ɇ., ɋ. 129–143.

1ɋɦ.: Ɉɣɝɟɧɡɢɯɬ ȼ.Ⱥ. ȼɨɥɹ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ (Ɉɱɟɪɤɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ). Ⱦɭɲɚɧɛɟ. 1983. ɋ. 24 ɢ ɞɪ.

2 ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɥɹ, ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɜɧɟ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ — ɫɦ.: ɇɨɜɢɰɤɢɣ ɂ.Ȼ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ. ɂɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɇ., 1954. ɋ. 19.

1 ɋɦ.: Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɂ.Ȼ. ɇɨɜɢɰɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɮ. ɂ.ɋ.ɉɟɪɟɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ. Ɇ. 1996. ɋ. 317. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɟɡɢɫ ɛɵɥ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɂ.ɋ.Ɋɨɡɟɧɬɚɥɟɦ — ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɵ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ causa Curiana. ɇɟɤɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ: «ȿɫɥɢ ɭ ɦɟɧɹ ɪɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɵɧ ɢ ɨɧ ɭɦɪɟɬ, ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɢɹ, ɬɨ ɹ ɠɟɥɚɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ Ʉɭɪɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɦɨɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ». ɋɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɫɵɧ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ. Ȼɵɜɲɢɣ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɠɪɟɰ Ʉɜɢɧɬ Ɇɭɰɢɣ ɋɰɟɜɨɥɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ Ʉɭɪɢɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜ, ɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɨɪɚɬɨɪ Ʉɪɚɫɫ ɫɫɵɥɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɸ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɚ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɥ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ʉɭɪɢɹ. Ʉɭɪɢɣ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɥ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ.

2 ɋɦ.: Ɋɚɛɢɧɨɜɢɱ ɇ.ȼ. ɇɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋ. 7. 3 ɋɦ.: ɇɨɜɢɰɤɢɣ ɂ.Ȼ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ. ɂɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋ. 22.

4 ɋɦ.: Ⱥɝɚɪɤɨɜ Ɇ.Ɇ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ // ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ. 1946. ʋ 3—4. ɋ. 46 ɢ ɫɥɟɞ.; ɂɨɮɮɟ Ɉ.ɋ. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. Ʉɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ. Ʌ., 1958. ɋ. 222–223.

1 ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ causa — ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ causa, ɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦ.: ɏɜɨɫɬɨɜ ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɇ., 1996. ɋ. 170–175; Ʉɪɢɜɰɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ. Ɇ., 2003. ɋ. 99–181.

1ɋɦ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɨɪɦɭ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 25 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ «Ɉ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ». ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɨɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɮɚɫɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɰɜɟɬɤɢ.

1ɋɦ.: Ʉɪɚɫɚɜɱɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ. ɋ. 120 ɢ ɫɥɟɞ.; Ⱥɝɚɪɤɨɜ Ɇ.Ɇ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ // ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ. 1946. ʋ 3–4. ɋ. 46 ɢ ɫɥɟɞ.

2 ɋɦ.: Ƚɟɧɤɢɧ Ⱦ.Ɇ. ɇɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ // ɍɱɟɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ȼɂɘɇ. Ɇ., 1947. ȼɵɩ.

5.ɋ.50.

1ɋɦ.: ɇɨɜɢɰɤɢɣ ɂ.Ȼ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ. ɂɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɇ., 1954. ɋ. 64–67.

2 ɋɦ.: Ɋɚɛɢɧɨɜɢɱ ɇ.ȼ. ɇɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. Ʌ., 1960. ɋ. 11–12, 157–158.

1 ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ, ɧɨɫɢɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɢɛɨ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ. ɇɟɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɢɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ – ɭɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟ – ɨɛɹɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɋɦ.: ɑɟɪɟɩɚɯɢɧ Ȼ.Ȼ. ɉɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ. // Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ. Ɇ., 2001. ɋ. 330–333; Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ ɋ.ɋ. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ // ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞ. ɢɧ-ɬɚ. ȼɵɩ. 13. ɋɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɫɤ, 1970. ɋ. 45–62.

2 ɗɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɚ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ Ȼ.Ȼ. ɑɟɪɟɩɚɯɢɧɵɦ — ɫɦ.: ɑɟɪɟɩɚɯɢɧ Ȼ.Ȼ. ɉɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɟɦɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ. ɋ. 330–331.

1 Ɉɫɨɛɚɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɢɹ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɪɧɵɦɢ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ (Gestaltungsrechte), ɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦ.: Ⱥɝɚɪɤɨɜ Ɇ. Ɇ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ. Ɇ., 1940. ɋ. 68–70; Ȼɪɚɬɭɫɶ ɋ.ɇ. ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɇ., 1950. ɋ. 8–10.

1ɋɦ.: Ʉɨɮɦɚɧ ȼ. ɂ. Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ // Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɇ., 1966. ɋ. 250.

1Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ «ɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ» ɰɢɜɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦ.: Ʉɪɢɜɰɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟ. ɋ. 182–308.

1ɋɦ.: ɒɟɪɲɟɧɟɜɢɱ Ƚ.Ɏ. ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ (ɩɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ 1907 ɝ.). Ɇ., 1995. ɋ. 122 ɢ ɫɥɟɞ.

1ɋɦ.: ɋɚɤɚɷ ȼɚɝɚɰɭɦɚ, Ɍɨɪɭ Ⱥɪɢɢɞɡɭɦɢ. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ əɩɨɧɢɢ. Ɇ., 1983. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ. ɋ. 141. ȼ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɟ ɨɬ ɜɨɥɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɋɦ.: Ȼɪɚɝɢɧɫɤɢɣ Ɇ.ɂ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ: ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ȽɄ ɊɎ) Ɇ., 1995. ɋ. 50.

2 ɋɦ.: ɒɟɪɲɟɧɟɜɢɱ Ƚ.Ɏ. ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɋ. 122.

1ȼ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ,

ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ. ɋɦ.: ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ. Ɇ., 1985. Ɍ. 1. ɋ. 221 (ɚɜɬɨɪ ɝɥɚɜɵ — Ʉɪɚɫɚɜɱɢɤɨɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ.).

1ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ «ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ». ɋɦ.: ɇɨɜɢɰɤɢɣ ɂ.Ȼ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ. ɂɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋ. 76.

1ɋɦ.: Ȼɪɚɝɢɧɫɤɢɣ Ɇ.ɂ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ: ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɋ. 58.

1Ʌɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɦ.: Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɬ 29 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1994 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ» // ɋɁ ɊɎ. 1995. ʋ 1. ɋɬ. 1; Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɬ 20 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 1995 ɝ. «Ɉɛ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ» // ɋɁ ɊɎ. 1995. ʋ 8.

ɋɬ. 609.

1ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɵɦ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɫɬ. 53, 160 ȽɄ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɬ. 7 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɊɎ «Ɉ

ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɭɱɟɬɟ» // ɋɁ ɊɎ. 1996. ʋ 48. ɋɬ. 5369; 1998. ʋ 30. ɋɬ. 3619.

1 ɋɦ.: ɋɁ ɊɎ. 2002. ʋ 2. ɋɬ. 127.

2 ɋɦ.: Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ // Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. 1993. ȼɵɩ. 3. ɋ. 32; Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɟɠɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɆɎȾ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. Ɇ., 1994. ȼɵɩ. 5. ɋ. 101.

1 Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɦ.: Ɇɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɘ.ȼ., Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɨɜ ȼ.ȼ., ɒɟɪɫɬɨɛɢɬɨɜ Ⱥ.ȿ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ // Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇ.,1994.

1 ɋɦ.: ɩ. 2 ɂɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ Ƚɨɫɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɨɬ 29 ɢɸɧɹ 1979 ɝ. ʋ ɂ — 1–4 «Ɉɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ» // Ȼɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ ɋɋɋɊ. 1980. ʋ 1. ɋ. 43.

2 Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ, ɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɦ.: Ʉɨɫɨɜɟɰ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɍ. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɨ. 1997. ʋ 4. ɋ. 46–60. ȿɝɨ ɠɟ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȽɍ. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɨ. 1997. ʋ 5. ɋ. 48–59.

1 ɋɦ.: ȼɋɇȾ ɊɎ ɢ ȼɋ ɊɎ. 1993. ʋ 10. ɋɬ. 357.

3 ɋɦ.: ɩ. 3 ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ 12 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1994 ɝɨɞɚ «Ɉ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɚɦɨɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɊɎ» // ɋɁ ɊɎ. 1994. ʋ 17. ɋɬ. 1999.

Ƚɥɚɜɚ 13. ɇɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ

§1. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

1.ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

ɇɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ

ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɠɟɥɚɥɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ.

Ɉ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɫɦ § 4 ɝɥɚɜɵ 12 ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɚ). Ɍɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ:

ɚ) ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ; ɛ) ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ, ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ;

ɜ) ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɝ) ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ.

Ʌɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 166 ȽɄ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɞɨɦ (ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ), ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ (ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ).

ɇɨɜɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɥɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɟ ɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɟ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ. ɍɠɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɏIɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɤɨɜ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ƚ. Ⱦɟɪɧɛɭɪɝ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ: «ȿɳɟ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɹ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɸɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ»1. ȼ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɵɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ. «ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɤɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ: ɟɫɥɢ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ «ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ» ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɫɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ, ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ» — ɩɢɫɚɥ ɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɫɬ ɂ.Ȼ. ɇɨɜɢɰɤɢɣ2. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬ.ɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ3. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɤ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦ — ɢɦɟɧɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ. ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ» ɤɚɤ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɭ «ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ», ɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ» ɤɚɤ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɭ «ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ»4. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ.

2. ɇɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ (ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ) ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

ɇɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ.

ɋɤɭɩɤɚ ɤɪɚɞɟɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɤɭɩɤɚ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɳɢ ɭ ɧɟɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɹ; ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɥɨɝ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜ ɡɚɥɨɝɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

ɇɢɱɬɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ. ɋɭɞ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 166 ȽɄ).

ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɨɦ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɚ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ.

ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ — ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ, ɡɚɩɭɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɢɯ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ (ɫɬ. 170 ȽɄ)). ɇɨ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ. Ɍɚɤ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɟ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɭɩɥɸ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɦɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɭ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɟɰ (ɹɤɨɛɵ ɞɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɡɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ.

ȼ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ ɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɜ ɫɭɞɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧ ɫɩɨɪ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣ.

ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɞɨɦ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɞɧɨ: ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ,

ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 167 ȽɄ). ɇɢɱɬɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɢ ɞɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ. ɋɭɞ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣ, ɥɢɲɶ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɭɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɢɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ.

Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɨ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɋɞɟɥɤɚ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɚ, ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ (ɫɬ. 168 ȽɄ).

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ) ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɨɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɲɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɬ. 168 ȽɄ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ

ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɚ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɨ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɚɤ lex generalis ɢ leges speciales1. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ «ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ», «ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ», «ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ». ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 572 ȽɄ), ɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɢ ɫɭɛɚɪɟɧɞɵ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 618), ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ (ɫɬ. 933, 951 ȽɄ), ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɫɬ. 951). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ, ɤɚɫɚɹɫɶ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɨ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɫɬ. 331, 339, 362, 930 ȽɄ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɬ. 132 ȼɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɊɎ ɢ ɜ ɫɬ. 112 Ʌɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɊɎ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ (ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ) ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 166 ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ

ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɥɸɛɵɦ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ,

ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ȽɄ 1922 ɝ., ɧɟɩɪɟɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɦɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɵ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ (ɫɦ. ɫɬ. 32, 33

ȽɄ ɊɋɎɋɊ 1922 ɝ., ɫɬ. 54–58 ȽɄ ɊɋɎɋɊ 1964 ɝ., ɫɬ. 173—178 ȽɄ ɊɎ).

3. Ɉɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ (ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ

Ɉɫɩɨɪɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɢɫɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ.

1. ȼɢɞɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ.

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9 ȽɄ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɨ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ:

ɚ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɬ. 169 ȽɄ); ɛ) ɦɧɢɦɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ (ɫɬ. 170 ȽɄ);

ɜ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɨɦ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɫɬ. 171 ȽɄ);

ɝ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɥɟɬɧɢɦ, ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɲɢɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɥɟɬ (ɫɬ. 172 ȽɄ); ɞ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ (ɩ. 2,3

ɫɬ. 162 ɢ ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 165 ȽɄ);

ɟ) ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 165 ȽɄ).

ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9 ȽɄ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɫɬ. 331, 339, 362, 572, 618 930, 933, 951 ȽɄ. ȼ ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 39 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ «Ɉ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ»1 ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɨ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɚɤɰɢɣ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬ. 12, 112 Ʌɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɊɎ ɤɭɩɥɹɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ, ɡɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɟɤɭɬ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɱɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɜ, ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɮɨɧɞ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ.

2.ɇɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɩɨɫɹɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɨɛ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɯ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɹɪɤɚɹ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɛɨɟɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚɬɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɟɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ; ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɛɵɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. Ⱥɧɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɸ ɧɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɨɣɧɭ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɪɚɫɨɜɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭɸ ɜɪɚɠɞɭ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɱɚɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ, ɩɨɫɹɝɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɢ ɊɎ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɢɯ ɛɚɡɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ — ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɢ ɡɥɟ, ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɦ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɚɯ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ.

ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɦɵɫɥɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ. Ʉɪɭɝ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɤ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ, ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɚɤ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɨɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ.

3. Ɇɧɢɦɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

Ɇɧɢɦɚɹ (ɮɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ) ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɞɚ, ɛɟɡ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɧɢɦɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ — ɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.