Uchebnik_Sukhanova

1.Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɵ:

ɚ) ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ, ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ; ɛ) ɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɟ; ɜ) ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ; ɝ) ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ;

ɞ) ɮɢɞɭɰɢɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɮɢɞɭɰɢɚɪɧɵɟ.

ɋɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɭɫɬɧɵɟ) ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ). ɉɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ (ɫɦ.: ɫɬ. 78–84 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɊɎ «Ɉɛ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ», ɫɬ. 45, 46 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɊɎ «Ɉɛ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ»).

ɫɬ. 185 ȽɄ); ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɩ.2 ɫɬ. 183 ȽɄ); ɨɮɟɪɬɭ — ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 435 ȽɄ); ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɫɪɨɤ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 1055 ȽɄ); ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɚ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 1057 ȽɄ); ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ (ɫɬ. 1152 ȽɄ) ɢ ɬ. ɩ.

ɉɪɚɜɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ — ɷɬɨ, ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ: ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ; ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɫɬ. 320 ȽɄ); ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ (ɫɬ. 397 ȽɄ); ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɦ (ɫɬ. 359 ȽɄ) ɢ ɬ. ɩ.

ɉɪɚɜɨɩɪɟɤɪɚɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ – ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɜɥɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɨɬɤɚɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 250 ȽɄ); ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɬ. 263 ȽɄ); ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɫɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɡɟɦɥɟɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɦ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 45 ɢ ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 53 Ɂɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ); ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 450 ȽɄ); ɡɚɱɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɪɨɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɪɨɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɫɬ. 410 ȽɄ) ɢ ɬ.ɩ.1

Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɟɧ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬ. 155 ȽɄ ɊɎ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ2. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ – ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɶ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɭɝɭ.

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɤɚɡ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬ.1137 ȽɄ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɳɚɧɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ (ɨɬɤɚɡɨɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɡɚɜɟɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɤɚɡ). ɂɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥ-

ɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ (ɫɬ. 397 ȽɄ) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɭ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ (ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɟɦɭ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɢɯ ɢɯ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɥɢɰ. Ʌɢɰɨ, ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɜɲɟɟ ɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɝɪɚɞɵ), ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚɝɪɚɞɭ) ɥɸɛɨɦɭ, ɤɬɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ʌɢɰɨ, ɨɛɴɹɜɢɜɲɟɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɵ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɧɨ ɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɫɪɨɤɚ, ɭɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɚɧɬɨɜ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 1058 ȽɄ).

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɥɢɰ, ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɢɯ, ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɮɟɪɟɧɬ – ɥɢɰɨ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɟɟ ɨɮɟɪɬɭ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɨɬɡɵɜɚ ɨɮɟɪɬɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚ (ɫɬ. 436 ȽɄ). Ⱦɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ — ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɮɟɪɬɵ ɟɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɨɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɚɤɰɟɩɬɚɧɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɨɮɟɪɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ1.

ɉɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɜɨɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɞɨɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɞɚɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɭɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɥɢɰ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɯ- ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬ. 156 ȽɄ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ.

Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɢɫɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɵ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɥɸ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ

(ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ), ɥɢɛɨ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ).

Ⱦɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɢɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɤɭɩɥɹ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɨɣ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɟɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɰ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɰ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ.

ȼɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ. ȼɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɳɶɸ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ — ɫɞɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɜɧɚɟɦ). ɋɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ). Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ. ȼ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɨɧɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. Ʉ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɭ ɩɨ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɭɦɦɵ, ɩɪɨɢɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɵ)1.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 154 ȽɄ). ɉɪɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɯɨɬɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ). ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ.

Ⱦɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ: ɧɟ ɜɫɹɤɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ — ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ, ɧɨ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ — ɫɞɟɥɤɚ.

3. ɂɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ

ɋɞɟɥɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɟ. ȼɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɚ. ȼɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵ.

ȼɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨ-ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

Ȼɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ (ɫɬ. 575, 576 ȽɄ).

Ⱦɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ. Ʉɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. consensus — ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ) — ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɜɟɳɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɭɝ (ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɚ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.).

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. res — ɜɟɳɶ) ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɟɳɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɜɟɳɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɣɦɚ, ɧɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɟɦ). Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ).

ȼɫɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ — ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ, ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ. ɂɡ ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɤɚɤɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɡ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɟɣ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ.

ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜɵɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ – ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɭɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ.

Ⱥɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ1 — ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɨɬɨɪɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. abstrahere – ɨɬɪɵɜɚɬɶ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɬɶ). ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ – ɜɵɞɚɱɚ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɹ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɜɵɞɚɥ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɭ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ. ɉɪɨɞɚɜɟɰ, ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɥ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ – ɢɧɞɨɫɫɚɦɟɧɬ. ɉɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ-ɜɟɤɫɟɥɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɬɟ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ – ɜɟɤɫɟɥɟɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɸ, ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɭ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ, ɢ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɹ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɹɟɬ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɟɞɚɬɟɥɹ (ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ), ɥɢɛɨ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɥɶɳɢɤɭ (ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ) ɨɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɟɦ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ, ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɧɟɦ. ɂɡ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɹ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɟɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɭɦɦ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ.

ɉɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɜɫɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɞɚɱɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɭ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 147 ȽɄ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ, ɫɨ ɫɫɵɥɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɟɰ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɲɢɣ ɩɨɞɥɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɥɤɭ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɥɢɰɭ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɲɟɦɭ ɟɦɭ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ, ɢ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɭɛɵɬɤɨɜ.

ɉɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɦɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɮɢɞɭɰɢɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɮɢɞɭɰɢɚɪɧɵɟ. Ɏɢɞɭɰɢɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. fiducia — ɞɨɜɟɪɢɟ) — ɷɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ, ɥɢɱɧɨ-ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. ɍɬɪɚɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɬɢɜɨɜ). ɍɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɪɟɞɤɢ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɧɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ.

4. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɡ

ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ.

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ1, ɫɬ. 41–43 ȽɄ ɊɋɎɋɊ 1922 ɝ., ɫɬ. 60 ȽɄ ɊɋɎɋɊ 1964 ɝ., ɢ ɫɬ. 157 ȽɄ ɊɎ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ

ɜɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ.

ȼɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɥɢɰ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɠɟɧɢɬɶɛɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɢɬɶɛɵ). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɬ. 134 ȽɄ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɜɫɟɰɟɥɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɟ ɨɬ ɜɨɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɚ1.

ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɵɟ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ.

ɋɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɬɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɦɨɬɢɜɭ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ ɨɛɹɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɚɪɟɧɞɭ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɚɱɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ.

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɨɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɤɚɤ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ,

ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɬɨɣ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɤɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɟɰ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɚɟɬ «ɜɟɱɧɵɣ» ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ.

ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ (ɩɟɪɟɟɡɞ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ2.

Ɉɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ

ɜɧɟɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ ɥɢɰɭ.

ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ — ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɣ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨ.

ɋɞɟɥɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ (ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɜɧɵɦ) ɢɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ (ɪɟɡɨɥɸɬɢɜɧɵɦ) ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ.

ɋɞɟɥɤɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 157 ȽɄ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɫ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɞɢɧ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ ɩɪɨɞɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɦɟɛɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɚɪɧɢɬɭɪ, ɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɝɚɪɧɢɬɭɪɚ.

ȼɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɫ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ1.

ɋɞɟɥɤɭ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ (ɫɬ. 429 ȽɄ). ɉɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɣɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɴɟɡɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ. ɇɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ. ȿɫɥɢ ɷɬɢ ɠɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɹɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ) ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ.

ɋɞɟɥɤɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɞɚɱɭ ɫɪɨɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɱɶ, ɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɱɟɪɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨ, ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɦ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 157 ȽɄ).

Ɉɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɫɪɨɤ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɥɟɞɨɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɟ. ɋɪɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɪɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ.

§4. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ

1.Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ

ɬɨɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ.

Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ:

2. Ɂɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

Ɂɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɊɎ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɭɤɚɡɚɦ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɊɎ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɥɥɢɡɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɚɯ, ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬ. 3 ȽɄ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɊɎ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɪɚɜɚ (ɫɬ. 6 ȽɄ). Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɧɨɪɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɦ ɢ ɫɦɵɫɥɭ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ. ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ

ɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ1.

3.ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɧɟɣ

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ — ɜɨɥɟɜɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ. Ʌɢɰɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɧɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ. ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɧɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ). ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɹɞɱɢɤɚ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.

ȼɨɥɸ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɭ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɱɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɴɹɬɢɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɯ ɫɬ. 173, 174 ȽɄ ɊɎ.

ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɰɚ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɟɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɲɢɪɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ) ɥɢɰɚ ɤ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɰɚ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɥɢɰɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ ɜɟɳɢ ɡɚɥɨɝɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɟɸ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɫɭɛɚɪɟɧɞɵ ɥɢɰɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ.

4.ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɥɢɰɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɡɭɦɩɰɢɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɨɥɟɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɞ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɭɩɥɢ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɢ. ɇɚɥɢɰɨ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɥɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɜɟɳɢ, ɚ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ — ɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɜɟɳɢ.

ɇɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɧɢɦɵɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ.

ɋɥɭɱɚɢ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɥɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ

ɭɩɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɜɨɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ. ɍɩɪɟɱɧɚɹ (ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɚɹ) ɜɨɥɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɦɚɧɚ, ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ, ɭɝɪɨɡɵ, ɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɥɨɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜɨɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɫ ɜɨɥɟɢɡɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ. ɍɩɪɟɱɧɚɹ (ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɚɹ) ɜɨɥɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ) ɜɨɥɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ.

§ 5. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ

ɋɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɋɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɬɧɨ, ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ (ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ), ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɥɸ-

ɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɹ (ɛɟɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ).

ɍɫɬɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɨɥɸ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ (ɩɪɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ, ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ), ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɜɨɥɹ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɨ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ — ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ

ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ (ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ) ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɭɫɬɧɨ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 159 ȽɄ). ɗɬɢɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ.

ɍɫɬɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɭɦɦɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɜ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ, ɢɛɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ. ɂɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ — ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɵ ɭɫɬɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɥɢɛɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɢɯ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɬ. 159 ȽɄ). ȼ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ).

ȼ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 159 ȽɄ) ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɧɨ, ɜɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ,

ɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɚɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɩɭɫɤ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ1.

ɂɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ (ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɱɟɤɨɜ, ɫɩɪɚɜɨɤ ɨ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨ-ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɭɬɢ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ʉ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɜ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɭ ɛɢɥɟɬɚ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪ, ɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɡɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɡɞ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.

ɋɞɟɥɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɚ ɭɫɬɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɥɸɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 158 ȽɄ). Ʉɨɧɤɥɸɞɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɨɬ ɥɚɬ. concludere — ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ) —

ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɥɢɰɨ ɢɡɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɥɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɟ.

Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɥɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɟɫɥɢ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɥɹ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɟɧɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɜɨɥɹ ɚɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɥɸɞɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ).

2. ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɜɨɥɸ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɥɟɱɶ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ.

ɉɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬ. 161 ȽɄ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ:

ɚ) ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ; ɛ) ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ

ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ.

ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɭɫɬɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɫɬ. 159 ȽɄ).

ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɡɚɥɨɝɟ, ɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɡɚɞɚɬɤɟ, ɤɭɩɥɟ-ɩɪɨɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɨ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ.

ɉɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɥɹ ɥɢɰ, ɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ (ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ) ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ1, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ. Ⱦɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ — ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ — ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɚɤ

ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ.

Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ (ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ), ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ȼɫɟ ɷɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ. ɗɬɢɦ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɩɢɣ.

ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɤ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɨɤ, ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ (ɧɨɦɟɪɤɨɜ, ɠɟɬɨɧɨɜ) ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 887 ȽɄ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɵɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɨɤɥɚɠɟɞɚɬɟɥɸ: ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɢɫɤɢ, ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɢɢ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ; ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɬɨɧɚ (ɧɨɦɟɪɚ), ɢɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɜɟɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.

3. Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɵ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɨɣ,

ɦɨɟ) — ɷɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ (ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ), ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ. Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚ, ɫɭɦɦɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɚ, ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɞɚɬɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɬ. 144 ȽɄ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɵ ɰɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɭɦɚɝ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɜ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɵ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɱ. 3. ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 160 ȽɄ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ

ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ (ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɧɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɶɸ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɡɧɚɤ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ.

ɋ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɜ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɨɥɸ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɝ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɨɣ, ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ.

Ɋɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɷɬɨ — ɤ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɜɟɤɫɟɥɶ», ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɢɥɵ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɹ, ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɞɚɱɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɞɚɱɟ ɜɟɤɫɟɥɹ.

Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɤ ɢɯ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɚɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. Ɍɚɤ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɟɱɚɬɹɦɢ, ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩ. 5 ɫɬ. 185 ȽɄ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɜɵɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɫ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ — ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬ.

Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɦ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɥɢɛɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɥɢɰ. Ɉɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ,1 ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 72 ȽɄ), ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ,

ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɞɚɱɭ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ (ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦ) ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ, ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ, ɧɟɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɥɢɰɨ — ɪɭɤɨɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɱɢɤ. ɉɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɪɭɤɨɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɱɢɤɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɭɫɨɦ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɧɨɬɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɱɢɤ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɟɧɫɢɣ, ɩɨɫɨɛɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɢɩɟɧɞɢɣ, ɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɜ ɛɚɧɤɚɯ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɵɥɨɱɧɨɣ, ɬɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɪɭɤɨɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɱɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢɥɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 160 ȽɄ).

ɉɨɞɩɢɫɶ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɭɤɨɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɱɢɤɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɧ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɥɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɪɭɤɨɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɱɢɤɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ.

4.Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɫɢɦɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɩɢɹɦɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɟɣ ɥɢɰ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ.

ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɮɚɤɫɢɦɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 160 ȽɄ).

ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɫɨɛ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɟɣ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɡɤɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ «Ɉɛ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ» ɨɬ 10 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2002 ɝ.1

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬ. 3 ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ – ɷɬɨ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɤɥɸɱɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ: ɨɧɚ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ; ɨɧɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɭɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ (ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ) ɤɥɸɱ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ2. Ɂɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ (ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ) ɤɥɸɱ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ — ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɚ ɤɥɸɱɚ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ.

ɋɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɚɪɵ ɤɥɸɱɟɣ: ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ (ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ) — ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɧɢɦ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɦɭ ɤɥɸɱɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɥɸɛɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬ. 4 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ «Ɉɛ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ» ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬ. 5 Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ «Ɉɛ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ» ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɝɥɚɡɨɦ. Ɋɚɡɧɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɫɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶɸ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɨɪɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ1.

ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶ — ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɮɚɤɫɢɦɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɟɦ (ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɥɢɰɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɭ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 434 ȽɄ).

ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 434 ȽɄ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɗɬɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ. ȼ 1979 ɝ. Ƚɨɫɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠ ɋɋɋɊ ɭɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬ. 44 ȽɄ ɊɋɎɋɊ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ1. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ (ɫɬ. 3 Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ «Ɉɛ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ») ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ — ɷɬɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.

ɉɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.

ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɨɢɫɤ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ2. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɫɞɟɥɤɟ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 434 ȽɄ).

5. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ

Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ.

ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɟ (ɩɢɫɶɦɚ, ɪɚɫɩɢɫɤɢ, ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɩ. 1 ɫɬ. 162 ȽɄ).

ɂɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɫɵɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɜɟɳɢ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ (ɩɨɠɚɪ, ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɩɨɪɟ ɨ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɟɳɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɜɟɳɢ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ (ɫɬ. 887 ȽɄ).

ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɢ ɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɞɟɹɧɢɟɦ, ɫɞɟɥɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɥɸɛɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦɢ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɜɟɳɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛ ɛɟɡ ɜɵɞɚɱɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɬɨɧɚ — ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɜɵɞɚɱɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɯɢɳɟɧɚ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɟɳɢ ɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɩɟɜɲɢɣ — ɩɨɤɥɚɠɟɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɜɢɧɵ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɟɸɞɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.

ɇɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɩ. 2 ɫɬ. 162 ȽɄ). ɇɟɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɟɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɩ. 3 ɫɬ. 162 ȽɄ).

Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ, ɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫ-