II. The passive voice страдательный залог

Страдательный залог обозначает действие, направленное на предмет, то есть предмет сам не совершает действие, а испытывает воздействие со стороны кого-то или чего-то.

Пример. Я составила отчет вчера. – Отчет был составлен мной.

I compiled the report yesterday. – The report was compiled by me

yesterday.

1. Страдательный залог образуется (см. Таблица 2):

1. времена Simple (Indefinite)

to be + V₃

2. времена Progressive (Continuous)

to be + being + V₃

3. времена Perfect

to have been + V₃

2. Если тот, кто совершает действие, выражен одушевлённым предметом, то используется предлог by.

The book was read by me.

Книга была прочитана мной.

Если то, чем совершается действие, выражено неодушевлён-

ным предметом, то используется предлог with.

The letter was written with a pen.

Письмо написано ручкой.

3. Способы перевода сказуемого:

1. глаголом, оканчивающимся на -ся:

The film is being discussed. - Фильм обсуждается.

2. глаголом «быть» и краткой формой причастия страдательного залога:

The book has been read. – Книга была прочитана.

3. глаголом действительного залога в 3 лице единственного числа:

This play is much spoken about. – Об этой пьесе много говорят.

4. глаголом действительного залога (при наличии дополнения с предлогом by):

The report was given by a professor. – Доклад прочитал профессор.

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.

a) 1. This translation was done by the students yesterday. 2. Her articles are often published in the magazine. 3. The article was translated by me. 4. She was given a few articles to translate. 5. The words were repeated twice by her. 6. This story will be retold. 7. St. Petersburg was founded by Peter I. 8. London is situated on the river Thames. 9. The book will be turned into a movie. 10. Will she be given many presents for her birthday?

б) 1. I often invite my friend to the theatre. I am often invited to the theatre. 2. I often see him in the library. He is often seen there. 3. I told her to come here. She was told to come here. 4. He will help me with my work. I will be helped with my work. 5. Is this expression often used in the language? Did you use a dictionary when you were translating the article?

в) 1. She is liked by everybody. 2. You are asked on the telephone. 3. You were looked at. 4. He was understood by us. 5. The book is much spoken about. 6. We were told to take part in the conference. 7. He was listened to attentively. 8. She will be met at the station. 9. The problem will be explained to him. 10. She was taken notice of by him.

Упражнение 2. Напишите следующие предложения в страдательном залоге.

1. I took him for a walk. 2. She will forget your telephone number. 3. We’ll book tickets tomorrow. 4. We met her at the corner of the street. 5. We discuss such problems at our meetings. 6. They will build a new cinema in this street. 7. A young architect designed that beautiful building. 8. I rang my friend up. 9. They gave us a lot of money. 10. The workers build a lot of schools in our town.

Упражнение 3. Переведите на русский язык.

1. A new underground station is being constructed in our street. 2. The device was being tested when you entered the laboratory. 3. This question is not connected with the problem which is being discussed now. 4. Many various machines are being produced for our industry by this plant. 5. The art exhibition is being widely commented by the press. 6. New materials are being widely used now. 7. Masterpieces from our museum were being exhibited in different cities in June last year. 8. Special attention is being paid to secondary education of young people. 9. He is being waited for. 10. While the experiment was being carried out, nobody left the laboratory.

Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык.

1. Tom said that the conditions of work had been greatly improved. 2. She said that her poems had been devoted to children.3.The exhibition had been held before we arrived. 4. Many new houses had been built in this town before we came to live there. 5. An opening speech has been made by Mr. Brown. 6. She has been listened to with great attention. 7. The project has already been submitted to the commission. 8. He asked me if I had been invited to the party. 9. The project will have been ready by Monday. 10. Good art training has been received by our young artists.

Упражнение 5. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный (где возможно).

1. They didn’t ask her name. 2. Michael saw Mary in the park. 3. He is having a bath now. 4. A famous designer will decorate the hall. 5. The plane from Los Angeles was 2 hours late. 6. Someone has just told us a very funny story. 7. This kind of flowers doesn’t bloom very often. 8. They danced all night. 9. Had the professor answered your question by the end of the lecture? 10. You can’t park your car in the street.