Grammar_in_tablesA
.pdfI. М И Р И ЯЗЫ К • THE WORLD AND THE LANGUAGE
Количество языков на земном шаре ~ 2800
Ю наиболее употребительных языков в мире
Language |
Number of first |
Language |
Number of first |
||
|
language speakers |
|
language speakers |
||
Chinese |
over one milliard |
Arabic |
160 |
million |
|
English |
400 |
million |
Portuguese |
160 |
million |
Spanish |
290 |
million |
Bengali |
155 million |
|
Russian |
275 |
million |
German |
130 |
million |
Hindustani |
250 |
million |
Japanese |
120 |
million |
4
|
Английский язык как государственный |
|
|
Australia |
New |
Zealand |
|
The Bahamas |
The |
United Kingdom |
$ |
Canada |
The |
United States |
|
Ireland (Eire) |
Republic of South Africa |
|
Many Caribbean islands, such as
Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad
Ireland |
Wales |
Scotland |
England |
\ |
1 |
/ |
/ |
Canada |
|
|
|
Английский язык как официальный второй язык
Bangladesh |
India |
Rwanda |
|
Bhutan |
Israel |
Sarawak |
|
Botswana |
Kenya |
Sierra |
Leone |
Brunei |
Liberia |
South |
Africa |
Burundi |
Malawi |
Sri Lanka |
|
Cameroon |
Malaysia |
Sudan |
|
Ethiopia |
Nepal |
Tanzania |
|
Gambia |
Nigeria |
Uganda |
|
Ghana |
Pakistan |
Zambia |
|
, Hong Kong |
The Philippines |
Zimbabwe |
British English |
American English |
She doesn’t have a big family. |
She doesn’t have a big family. |
She hasn’t got a big family. |
|
c) Need’t, don’t need to (нет необхси[имости что-то делать) |
|
You needn’t do it now. |
|
You don’t need to do it now. |
You don’t need to do it. |
d) You, One (в безличных предложен иях)
You have to know such things. One has to know such things.
You have to know such things.
И. ТРИ СОСТАВНЫЕ ЧАСТИ ЯЗЫКА • THE THREE CONSTITUENT PARTS OF THE LANGUAGE
Части языка
Фонетический строй |
Лексический состав |
Грамматический строй' |
|
Phonetics |
Lexics |
Grammar |
|
(sounds, intonation, |
(the word stock |
(the |
structure |
rhythm, etc.) |
of the language) |
of the |
language) " ; |
Грамматика
Морфология |
Синтаксис |
Morphology |
Syntax |
(части речи) |
(предложение, типы предложений) |
III. М ОРФ ОЛОГИЯ • MORPHOLOGY
Части речи
Знаменательные
Notional
•имя существительное (the Noun)
•имя прилагательное (the Adjective)
•местоимение (the Pronoun)
•числительное (the Numeral)
•глагол (the Verb)
•наречие (the Adverb)
•модальные слова (the Modal Words)
•слова категории состояния (the Stative)
Служебные
Functional
•предлог (the Preposition)
•союз (the Conjunction)
•частица (the Particle)
•артикль (the Article)
ю
je $
Имя существительное • The Noun
Классификация по значению
|
Нарицательные |
|
|
|
Common |
Конкретные |
|
|
Concrete |
|
|
Существительные, относящиеся к классу предметов Class |
Материальные Material |
Абстрактные Abstract |
a book, |
wood, |
success, |
a disk, |
iron, |
help, |
a computer |
water, |
progress, |
|
jam, |
advice, |
|
paper, |
freedom |
|
oil |
|
|
Собственные |
|
|
Proper |
|
Собирательные Collective |
Личные Personal |
Географические Geographic |
police, |
Peter |
Moscow, |
family, |
Nikitin, |
Russia, ; |
news, |
Mary |
London;] |
clothes, |
Brown |
EnglamST |
team, |
|
|
company |
|
|
Классификация существительных по признаку исчисляемости-неисчисляемости
Исчисляемые
Countable
ед.ч. — мн.ч.
(singular — plural)
an apple — apples
an |
idea — ideas |
||
a |
child — children |
||
a |
fish — |
fish |
|
a |
printer — |
printers |
|
is/are |
|
|
|
has/have |
|
|
|
many, a |
lot |
of |
|
(a) few, |
several |
||
a/the |
|
|
|
some |
|
|
HeMCHHCJiaeMbie
Uncountable
ea.H.
(singular)
money, milk, sugar, yogurt, news, glass*, knowledge, toast,
weather, wool, paper*
Употребляются с:
is has
much, a lot of
(a) little the some
* С р а в н и т е :
glass — uncountable (стекло)
four glasses — countable (четыре стакана) paper — uncountable (бумага)
two papers — countable (две газеты)
12
Собирательные имена существительные:
согласование с глаголом в единственном или во множественном числе
Глагол в единственном или |
|
Глагол |
Глагол |
|
Глагол |
|
||
во множественном числе |
во множественном числе |
в единственном числе |
во множественном числе |
|||||
is / |
are |
|
are |
|
is |
|
are |
|
family |
cast |
people |
clergy |
advice |
knowledge |
clothes |
goods |
scissors |
class |
staff |
police |
militia |
information |
toast |
contents |
pyjamas |
scales |
group |
company |
cattle |
media |
hair |
success |
customs |
pants |
stairs |
team |
gang |
poultry |
|
money |
progress |
jeans |
tights |
wages |
crew |
clan |
|
|
news |
weather |
glasses |
trousers |
|
|
|
|
|
furniture |
work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
linen |
|
Ho: physics |
j |
|
|
|
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|
|
■lexics |
I is |
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phonetics J- |
|
1.My family is small. (как единое целое)
My family are good eaters. ) (члены семьи)
2.Our staff is well-trained. The staff are very young.
3.Ibis team consists of eleven players.
The team are wearing new shirts today.
1. The people here are very |
1. It is timely advice. |
|
||||||
|
friendly, (но: the peoples, |
2. |
The news |
has come. |
||||
|
of the world = народы) |
3. |
His money comes from |
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2. |
The police |
are here. |
|
oil |
business. |
|
||
|
The police |
have come. |
4. |
His knowledge is deep. |
||||
3. |
The cattle are in the fields. |
5. |
It |
is |
tasty |
toast. |
|
|
4. The clergy |
are stationed |
6. It |
is |
fine |
weather |
|
||
|
in the Vatikan. |
|
today! |
|
|
|||
5. |
The igedia. ate the Press, |
7. What good |
is!, |
|||||
^ |
the Radio, |
T& |
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|
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|
1.These clothes cost a lot.
2.Where are the Customs?
3.These scales are not correct.
4.The scissors have become blunt.
5., My glasses |
were made in Italy. |
6. These stairs |
are old. |
Образование множественного числа имени существительного
Способ образования
1. -S
-ge '
-се
-» -s
-Z е
-se
a) -s -SS
-sh
-> -es
-tch -ch -X
Ь) -у —> -ies
(после согласной)
с) -f/-fe —> -ves
Примеры
a book — books a desk — desks
a path — paths [pa:9s]
a month — months [rmvnes] a car — cars
a computer — computers a page — pages
a place — places a prize — prizes a case — cases
a bus — buses
a dress — dresses a bush — bushes
a watch — watches a bench — benches a fox — foxes
Примечания
1[s]
:[z]
[iz]
Ho: house — houses [haos] — ['hauziz]
а также:
a potato — potatoes a tomato — tomatoes a hero — heroes
a cry — cries
a party — parties a story — stories
a country — countr/es
a dictionary — dictionaries
a shelf — shelves a half — halves
a life — lives
a knife — knives a wolf — wolves a leaf — leaves an elf — elves
a calf — calves
Ho: photos, pianos, discos, radios, zoos, videos, cuckoos
Ho: -ay |
. |
-ey |
- y s ("осле |
-oy |
гласной) |
boys, toys, days, plays, monkeys, joys, keys
Ho: roofs, chiefs, cuffs, cliffs, handkerchiefs, scarfs (scarves)
14
Способ
образования
2.Чередование
корневой
гласной
3.Совпадаю щие формы единствен ного и мно жественного числа
4. Существи тельные латинского и греческого происхож дения
5. Составные существи тельные
Примеры
a man — men
a woman — women ['wimin] a child — children
a foot — feet
a goose — geese a louse — lice
a mouse — mice a tooth — teeth
Примечания
an ox — oxen ;
a |
deer — |
two |
deer |
||
a |
fish— |
three |
fish |
||
(а также: a carp — three carp; |
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a |
trout — |
five |
trout) |
||
a sheep— four sheep |
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a |
swine — |
many |
swine |
||
a |
Chinese — many Chinese |
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a |
Swiss — ten |
Swiss |
|||
a Japanese — five Japanese |
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a |
Portuguese — a lot of Portuguese |
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a |
series — two |
series |
|||
a |
species— |
many |
species |
||
a |
m eans— |
a lot |
of means |
||
an offspring — |
many offspring |
a |
cactus — cacti (кактусы) |
a |
genius — genii (духи, джины) |
a |
curriculum — curricula |
a datum — date (,может также ис пользоваться как единственное число) a phenomenon — phenomena
a form ula— formulae an antenna — antennae
an index — indices {в математике) an appendix — appendices (в книгах)
a fish — fishes
(различные виды рыб; употребляется ; очень редко)
Ач\
rv*X
■1 i
также могут образо вывать множествен ное число с помощью»
-s/-es cactuses
geniuses (гениальные'
люди — гении) curriculums
phenomenons formulas antennas
indexes (в книгах) appendixes
(в медицине)
a grown-up — grown-ups |
mothers-in-law |
an office-block — office-blocks |
passers-by |
a merry-go-round— merry-go-rounds |
women-drivers |
a forget-me-not — forget-me-nots |
menservants |