Grammar_in_tablesA
.pdfВремена Perfect
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Present Perfect |
W6*u |
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have/haven’t + V * |
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+ / - you, |
they |
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he, |
she, |
it |
has/hasn’t + V3 |
She has |
already left. |
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They haven’t arrived yet.
Past Perfect |
Future Perfect |
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will (won’t)/shall (shan’t) have + V3 |
had/hadn’t + V3 |
will (won’t) have + V3 |
He had done it by 7 o’clock. |
When we meet again, I’ll have finished |
We hadn’t finished the test before |
this course. |
the bell rang. |
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2 |
have |
I, |
we, you, they |
V3 |
(yet) |
has |
he, |
she, it |
V3 |
(yet) |
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Have you done it yet? |
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already, |
ever, never, just, lately, so far, |
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recently, always, today, this week (month, |
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year...), |
since, |
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fo r (a long time), fo r ages |
, |
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had r* we> you> they’ |
V |
he, she, it |
3 |
Had they decided it before you came?
will (shall) |
I, we |
have + |
V3 |
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»ill |
he- |
shf- ’*• |
have + V, |
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you, |
they |
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3 |
Will Anya |
have |
written the |
letter |
by |
evening? |
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Времена Progressive (Continuous)
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Present Progressive |
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Past Progressive |
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I |
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am/’m not + V-ing* |
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was/wasn’t + V-ing |
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we |
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are/aren’t + V-ing |
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were/weren’t + V-ing |
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+ / - |
you, |
they |
are/aren’t + V-ing |
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were/weren’t + V-ing |
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he, |
she, |
it is/isn’t V-ing |
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was/wasn’t + V-ing |
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am |
I |
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V-ing |
was |
I |
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V-ing |
? |
are |
we, |
you, |
they |
V-ing |
were |
we, |
you, |
they |
V-ing |
is |
he, |
she, |
it |
V-ing |
was |
he, |
she, |
it |
V-ing |
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Future Progressive
will (shall) be /won’t (shan’t) be + V-ing will be/won’t be + V-ing
S a il ) I we |
be + V-ing |
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he, |
she, it |
. |
, |
. |
you, |
they |
* |
+ |
V-'“8 |
(fig h t) now, a t the moment, constantly, on Saturday night
at that moment, at 10 o’clock, when, at this time tomorrow, soon, at 10 o’clock while
* Здесь и далее V-ing — Present Participle (4 форма глагола)
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Сводная таблица |
Глагол |
во всех видовременных формах действительного залога |
у Формы |
Simple |
\(повторяющиеся
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действия, |
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факты, |
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истины) |
Время \ |
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\ |
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Present |
I |
с!о |
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Не |
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She |
►боев |
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It |
J |
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We |
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You |
►до |
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They |
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Past |
I |
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He |
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She |
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It |
■сИс! |
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We |
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You |
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They |
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Progressive
(действие, происходящее
в данный момент или период времени; запланированное действие
в ближайшем будущем)
I |
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am |
’ |
Не |
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She |
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►is |
doing |
It • |
"J |
.. |
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We |
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. |
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You |
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►are |
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They 1 |
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I |
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1 |
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He |
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■was |
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She |
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doing |
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It |
, |
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W e . ] |
: |
J |
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You |
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■were |
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They. |
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Perfect |
Perfect Progressive |
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(действие, |
(действие, |
начавшееся |
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завершенное |
в прошлом, длящееся |
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к определенному |
в течение какого-то |
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моменту |
периода времени |
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в настоящем, |
вплоть до другого |
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прошлом |
момента, |
включая |
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или будущем) |
или исключая его) |
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I |
have ' |
I |
have |
' |
Не |
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Не |
►has |
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She |
>has |
She |
been |
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It |
done |
It |
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doing |
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We |
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We |
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You |
►have |
You |
►have |
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They I |
They,1 |
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I |
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I |
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He |
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He |
had |
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She |
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She |
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It |
had done |
It |
been |
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We |
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We |
doing |
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You |
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You |
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Theyj |
They, |
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û&
Future |
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shall (will) |
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shall |
(will) |
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will |
do |
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will |
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be |
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shall |
(will) doing |
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They J |
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will |
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Future |
I |
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should |
(would)' |
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J should |
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in the |
He |
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1 (would) |
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Past |
She |
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►would |
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do |
would |
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It |
. |
should (would) |
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be |
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We |
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J should |
doing |
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You |
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would |
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We |
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They, |
< |
1 (would) |
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You
They] would
shall (will)
will
have shall (will) done
will
f should 1 (would)
would
have
done
j should We 1 (would)
You
They j would
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shall |
(will) |
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will |
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have |
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been |
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shall |
(will)<flioing |
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will |
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1 ( |
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should |
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He |
) |
(would) |
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She |
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would |
have |
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It |
J |
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been |
We |
[ |
should |
doing |
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(would) |
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You 1 |
would |
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They/ |
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&
Модальные глаголы сап, may, must, have to, be to, should, ought to • Modal Verbs
Глагол can
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Формы |
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Can |
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Could |
Could |
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Present |
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Past Simple |
Subjunctive Mood |
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Simple |
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(сослагательное наклонение) |
She can speak |
She could speak French |
Could you help me? (He могли бы вы |
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French. |
when she was six. |
помочь мне?) |
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You can |
You |
could |
cross the |
We could cross the street here now but |
cross the |
street here |
last year, |
the light is red. (Мы могли бы перейти |
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street here. |
but |
not now. |
здесь дорогу сейчас, но свет красный). |
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Значения |
Примеры |
1. способность (физи |
I can run fast. She can drive well. |
ческая, умственная), |
He could read when he was four. |
навыки, умения |
These children can use computers well. |
2. просьба, |
Can I use your telephone? — Of course you can. |
разрешение |
Could you give me a lift to the office? — I’m sorry, I |
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can’t do it today. |
3.объективная
возможность
4.сомнение, неуве ренность, недоверие
(сравн. в русском: «неужели», «не может быть»)
5.упрек
(«ты мог бы...»)
You can always have a quick snack at McDonald’s. Students can take books from different libraries.
Can it be true? — It can’t be true. (Неужели это правда? — He может быть, что это правда.)
Can it be 10 o’clock already? — It can’t be 10 o’clock. (Неужели уже 10 часов? — He может быть, что уже
10 часов.)
You could be more polite. (Ты мог бы быть повежливее.) She could have called us. (Она могла бы и позвонить нам, но не сделала этого.)
*З а п о м н и т е :
1.Модальный глагол + инфинитив без to (за исключением be to, have toi ought to)
Модальные глаголы не являются полнозначными глаголами и не могут поэтому употребляться в роли сказуемого в предложении.
2.Модальные глаголы выражают различные оттенки значений и являются
впредложении частью составного модального сказуемого.
Глагол may
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Формы
May |
Might |
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Present Simple |
Past |
Simple |
He may come today. |
He said he |
might come. |
(Он, в о з м о ж н о , придет |
(Он сказал, что он, |
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сегодня). |
возможно, придет). |
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May I go out? (Можно |
We knew she might call |
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мне выйти?) |
us. (Мы знали, что она |
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может позвонить нам). |
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Might
Subjunctive Mood
(сослагательное
наклонение).,;
You might help ггдеГ (Ты мог бы и помочь мне!)
They might have .called us. (Они могли бы и
позвонить нам). 1;
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Значения |
Примеры |
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1. |
Объективная |
One day all your dreams may come true. |
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возможность |
We may go to China next year. |
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He may be away for the weekend. |
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2. |
Формальная просьба, |
May I leave early today? — Yes, you |
may. |
^ |
^ |
разрешение |
May I use your printer? — No, you |
may itkot ‘ |
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(mustn’t) |
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3. |
Предположение |
It may be true, but we are not sure. (Это, |
может |
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быть, и правда, но мы не уверены.) |
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They may have done the work. (Они, возможно, |
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выполнили работу.) |
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4. Упрек, совет
(употребляется только с might)
You might wait for me! There is a lot of time. (Ты
мог бы и подождать меня. Еще много времени.)
Не might have warned us about it. Now it’s too late. (Он мог бы и предупредить нас об этом. Сейчас уже слишком поздно.)
Глагол must
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Формы |
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must |
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had to |
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Present Simple |
Past Simple |
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You must send the fax now. |
We had to send the fax last night. |
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Must we do the test tomorrow? |
They had to do the test last week. |
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Значения |
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Примеры |
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1. Необходимость, |
I must come to the office at 10 o’clock. |
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обязанность, долг |
You must remember to visit your Granny. |
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Must Ben stay at home today? — Yes, he |
must. |
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2. Запрещение |
You mustn’t talk that way. (Нельзя так разговаривать.) |
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(в отрицательных |
You mustn’t |
speak Russian in class. (Вы |
не должны |
предложениях) |
говорить по-русски на занятии.) |
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Must we work on Saturday? — No, you needn’t. (Дол |
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жны мы работать в субботу? — Нет, не надо.) |
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3. Уверенное |
That must be our neighbour. (Это, должно быть, наш |
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предположение |
сосед.) . |
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It must be a |
mistake. (Это, должно быть, ошибка.) |
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Глагол have to
have (has) to
Present Simple
I have to do shopping every weekend.
She has to walk to her school every morning.
Формы |
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had to |
shall (will) have to |
Past Simple |
Future Simple |
I had to spend a lot of money on shopping last weekend.
She had to walk to her school yesterday.
I shall have to do same shopping on Friday.; « She will have to walk to her school tomorrow.
З а п о м н и т е :
Вопросительная и отрицательная формы модального глагола have to обра зуются с помощью вспомогательных глаголов: do/does, did, shaU/wiU.;
Do you have to do shopping every weekend? — I don’t have to do shopping every weekend-
Did she have to walk to her school yesterday? — She didn’t have to walk to school. Will they have to speak at the meeting? — They won’t have to speak at the meeting.
Значения
Вынужденная необходимость, обязанность, долг в силу определенных обстоятельств
Примеры
Now I have to go home. (Мне нужно идти домой.)
In England you have to drive on the left. (В Англии нуж но ездить по левой стороне.)
We don’t have to go to work on Saturdays and Sundays. (Нам не приходится ходить на работу по субботам и вос кресеньям.)
Did you have to get up early today? (Вам сегодня рано
пришлось встать?)
Глагол be to
в
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Формы |
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am/is/are to |
was/were to |
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shall/will/have to |
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
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Future Simple |
I am to meet the delega |
I was to meet the delega |
I’ll have to meet the del |
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tion. |
tion. |
egation. |
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He is to make a report. |
He was to make a report. |
He will have to make a |
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report. |
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They are to arrive tomor |
They were to arrive yes |
They will have to arrive |
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row. |
terday. |
next week. |
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Значения |
Примеры |
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1. Долг, обязанность |
The driver is to meet us |
at |
5 o ’clock. (Водитель |
(по предварительной должен (обязан) встретить нас в 5 часов.) |
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договоренности) |
The director was to sign the contract. (Директор |
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должен был подписать контракт.) |
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The director was to have signed the contract. (Ди |
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ректор должен был подписать контракт.*) |
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2. Приказ, |
You are to report to the teacher. (Вы должны отчи |
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запрещение, |
таться перед учителем.) |
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You are not to come here! |
(Вы не должны сюда |
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приходить.) |
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вопрос о том, |
What am I to do? Am I |
to |
leave? (Что я должен |
что делать дальше |
делать? Мне уйти?) |
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3. Нечто неизбежное, |
It was to happen. (Этому суждено было случиться.) |
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предрешенное |
They were to part soon. (Им суждено было вскоре |
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судьбой |
расстаться.) |
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* З а п о м н и т е :
Перфектный инфинитив to have signed показывает, что действие было за планировано, но не было выполнено. С р а в н и т е :
Не was 1о do и.
(Он должен был это сделать по дого воренности и неизвестно, сделал он это или нет)
Не was to have done it.
(Он должен был это сделать по дого воренности, но определенно не сде лал этого)
Глагол should, ought to
Формы
I
should + инфинитив (без to) |
ought to + инфинитив |
You should help him.
He shouldn’t be so shy.
Значения
1. Совет, моральная обязанность пе ред собой или перед другими людьми
{should в этом значении сильнее, чем ought to)',
You ought to do your best.
He oughtn’t to smoke so much.
Примеры
You should be friendly to people. They ought to take up some sport.
2. Упрек, совет, рекомендация |
He ought to help his |
parents. |
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They should consult a |
doctor. |
Сравните:
Maiy should have bought that book. It’s very good.
Мэри следовало купить эту книгу (но она этого не сделала). Mary shouldn’t have bought that book. It’s too expensive.
Мэри не следовало покупать эту книгу (но она ее купила). Сравните также:
You should have taken your umbrella. It’s going to rain.
You shouldn’t have taken your umbrella. It’s fine weather today