Grammar_in_tablesA
.pdfДробные числа и проценты
половина
треть
четверть одна пятая три четверти две трети
полтора (полторы) один и три четверти
ноль целых (и) пять десятых одна целая семьдесят пять сотых двадцать шесть процентов
1/2 |
a |
half* |
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1/3 |
a |
third |
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V4 |
a |
quarter |
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1/5 |
one |
fifth |
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3/4 |
three quarters |
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І/3 |
two |
thirds |
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1/2 |
one |
and a half |
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3/4 |
one and three quarters |
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0.5nought point five
1.75one point seven five Ш twenty-six per cent
Четыре арифметических действия
сложение |
+ |
addition |
6 |
+ |
4 |
= |
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10 |
six plus (and) four equals (is) |
вычитание |
— |
subtraction |
6 |
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ten |
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4 |
= |
2 |
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six minus four equals (is) two |
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умножение |
X |
multiplication |
6 |
x |
4 |
= |
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24 |
six times (multiplied by) four |
деление |
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division |
6 |
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equals (is) twenty four |
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+ |
2 = |
3 |
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six divided by two equals (is) |
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three |
четные числа — even numbers (2, 4, |
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Б и т . д.), |
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нечетные числа— odd numbers |
(1, |
3, |
5, |
7 и т.д.) |
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Даты
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We write: |
We say; |
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1 (st) |
September |
(Sept. 1, 2002) |
the first of September |
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25(th) January |
(Jan. 25, 1998) |
the twenty-fifth of January |
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1066 |
— ten sixty-six |
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1998— nineteen ninety-eight |
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1905 |
— nineteen о |
[эи] five |
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2002 |
— two thousand two |
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в 2002 году — in |
the year two thousand two |
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* |
Но: half an hour, half an apple |
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46
JS$
Местоимение • The Pronoun
Личные |
I, you, he, |
she, |
it, |
we, |
you, they |
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Personal |
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Притяжательные |
my, |
your, |
his, |
her, |
its, |
our, |
your, |
their |
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Possessive |
mine, |
yours, |
his, |
hers, |
its, |
ours, |
yours, |
theirs |
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Указательные |
it, this/these, |
that/those, |
same, |
such |
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Demonstrative |
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Вопросительные who (whom), whose, which, what |
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Interrogative |
(в вопросительных предложениях) |
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Относительные |
who |
(whom), |
whose, |
which, that |
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Relative |
(в определительных придаточных) |
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Союзные |
who (whom), whose, which, what |
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Conjunctive |
(<? дополнительных и других придаточных предложениях) |
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Возвратные |
myself, yourself, |
himself, |
herself, |
itself, |
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Self-pronouns |
ourselves, yourselves, |
themselves |
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(Reflexive) |
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Взаимные |
each |
other, |
one |
another |
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Reciprocal |
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Отрицательные |
no, nobody |
(no |
one), none, nothing |
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I |
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Negative |
(в отрицательных предложениях) |
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1 |
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Неопределенные some, any, no (и их производные), all, both, each, every;
Indefinite |
(и его производные), other, another, one, much, many, |
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(a) little, (a) few, either, neither |
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■V |
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.......................- ■— |
- |
■- ----- |
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Число личных местоимений |
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Единственное число |
Множественное число |
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1-е лицо |
I |
we |
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2-е лицо |
you |
you |
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3-е лицо |
he, she, it |
they |
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47
Падежи личных местоимений
Именительный падеж |
Объектный падеж |
The Nominative Case |
The Objective Case |
I |
me |
you |
you |
he |
him |
she |
her |
it |
it |
we |
us |
they |
them |
I have a new book. |
Give the book to me. |
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She sings well. |
Listen to |
her. |
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He drinks coffee every day. |
He likes |
it. |
them. |
They have a lot of friends. |
"We often meet |
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Who is it? |
It’s me |
(him, |
her, them). |
Притяжательные местоимения
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Личное |
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Притяжательное местоимение |
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местоимение |
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Совмещенная форма |
Абсолютная форма |
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местоимение + |
местоимение |
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существительное |
без существительного |
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I |
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т у |
mine |
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you |
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your |
yours |
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he |
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his |
his |
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she |
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her |
hers |
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it |
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its |
— |
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we |
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our |
ours |
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they |
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their |
theirs |
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I have a |
disk. |
It’s |
my disk. |
The disk is mine. |
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They’ve got |
a house. |
— Is it |
their house? |
— No, theirs |
is new. |
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She |
has |
a |
friend. |
Tim |
is |
her friend. |
Tim is a friend of hers. |
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It is an old city. |
Moscow is proud of its history. |
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He |
wrote a test. |
His mark was good. |
It’s my paper, |
not his. |
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Сводная таблица личных и притяжательных местоимений
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Личные |
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Притяжательные |
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Именительный |
Объектный |
Совмещенная |
Абсолютная |
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падеж |
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падеж |
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форма |
форма |
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I |
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me |
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my |
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mine |
you |
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you |
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your |
yours |
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he |
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him |
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his |
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his |
she |
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her |
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her |
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hers |
it |
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it |
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its |
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— |
we |
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us |
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our |
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ours |
you |
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you |
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your |
yours ’ |
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they |
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them |
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their |
theirs |
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They told |
them (the |
police) |
that |
their house |
was not |
theirs. |
It was their grandfather’s. |
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He asked |
him (Tom) to take |
his car, because |
his was out of order. |
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------------------------------------------------------------------— #
Указательные местоимения
Ед. число |
this |
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(этот, эта, это) |
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this |
week, this year, |
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this |
file, this |
method |
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Мн. число |
these |
(эти) |
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these |
weeks, |
these years, |
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these |
files, these methods |
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that (тот, )га, то) that weeK; that year, that file, that method
those (те)
those weeks, those years, those files, those methods
Обозначают то, что ближе к говорящему во времени и пространстве
Обозначают то, что дальи от говорящего во времени пространстве
З а п о м н и т е :
— I’m sorry to trouble you. — That’s all right.
— Are you Mr. Grant? — Yes, that’s right.
— Hello, this is Olga. Is that Julia? (в телефонных разговорах)
49
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■ |
w i |
и |
i ц д а » |
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Возвратные местоищеннж , . |
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Личные местоимения |
Возвратные местоимения |
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ся(с\)' |
сам< сама, сами, себя) |
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I |
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myself |
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you |
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yourself |
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he |
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himself |
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she |
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herself |
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it |
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itself |
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we |
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ourselves |
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’ you |
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youselves |
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they |
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themselves |
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I did that work myself. Make |
yourself comf^rta5 je |
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History repeats itself. They enjoyed themselves |
at |
the disco. |
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Неопределенные местоимения a t0f 0f |
mUch, many |
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Исчисляемые |
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Неисчисляемые |
1 |
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существительные |
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существительные |
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Countable |
nouns |
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Uncountable nouns |
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1. Утверди |
There are |
a lot |
of interesting |
There |
is a lot of work to |
do. |
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тельные |
things in |
our life. |
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предложения |
Students have a lot of exams. |
We have a lot of snow this year. |
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Ho: There are so many books |
There is so much work to |
do. |
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to read! |
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You have too many mistakes in |
He has too much energy! |
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your paper. |
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We discussed very many ques |
They got very much informa |
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tions yesterday. |
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tion last week. |
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2. Вопроси |
Are there many interesting things |
Is there much work to do? |
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тельные |
in your life? |
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Do you have much snow this |
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предложения Do students have many exams? year? |
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Are there |
so many books to |
Did they get very much infor |
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read? |
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mation last week? |
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3. Отрица тельные предложения
There |
aren’t |
many interesting |
There isn’t |
much work to do. |
things |
in our |
life. |
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Students don’t have many exams. |
We don’t have much snow this |
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There aren’t so many books to |
year. |
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They didn’t get very much in |
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1read. |
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formation |
last week. |
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50
Неопределенные местоимения
(a ) few у (a ) little
Исчисляемые существительные |
Неисчисляемые существительные |
a few (= some, several) |
a little (= some) |
«несколько» |
«немного» |
Не made a few mistakes in his speech. Let’s discuss them.
Tell us a few words about your trip.
I’ve got a little free time now. I can speak to you.
There is a little money left. We can go shopping.
few (not many) |
little (not much) |
«мало» |
«мало» |
He made few mistakes in his paper and got a good mark.
Few people know about it.
I’ve got little free time now. I can’t speak to you.
There is little money left. We can’t go shopping.
За п о м н и т е :
(a)few, (a) little не употребляются в отрицательных предложениях not many, not much используются в этих типах предложений
He didn’t make many mistakes in his |
I don’t have much free time now. |
paper. |
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Not many people know about it. |
There isn’t much snow in the forest. |
51
Неопределенные местоимения some (something, somebody, someone) any (anything, anybody, anyone)
no (nothing, nobody, no one)
some, something, |
any, anything, |
no, nothing, |
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somebody (= someone) |
anybody (= |
anyone) |
nobody (= |
no one) |
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Утвердительные |
Вопросительные |
Отрицательные |
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предложения |
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предложения |
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предложения |
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There are |
some |
good |
Are there |
any |
good |
There aren’t |
any |
good |
dictionaries |
in the |
shop. |
dictionaries in the |
shop? |
dictionaries in |
the |
shop. |
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= There are no good dic |
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tionaries in the shop. |
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{более категорично) |
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He brought |
some news. |
Did he bring |
any news? |
He didn’t bring any news. |
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= He brought |
no news. |
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There |
is something new |
Is there anything new for |
for me |
in this article. |
you in this article? |
There isn’t anything new for me in this article. = There is nothing new for me in this article.
Someone knows his address.
З а п о м н и т е :
Any в утвердительных предложениях имеет значение «любой», «кто-либо», «все, что угодно».
Any child likes toys.
We are interested in any information.
I can give you anything you need.
If anyone calls, tell me about it.
If she wants anything, she’ll get it.
Does anyone know his |
Nobody knows his address. |
address? |
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Some употребляется |
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в вопросительных |
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предложениях, когда |
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вы предлагаете или |
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просите что-то. |
— Is anything the |
Would you like some |
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juice? |
matter? — Nothing is |
Will you have some more |
the matter. |
salad? |
No news is good news. |
Can I have some tea, |
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please? |
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Could you lend me some |
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money? |
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Глагол • The Verb
Классификация глаголов по значению
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Смысловые |
Полувспомогательные |
Вспомогательные |
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(to do, to come, |
(can, |
may, must, |
(be, |
do, have, shall, |
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to |
dance, |
to play, |
have |
to, should, |
will, |
should, would) |
to |
study, |
to have) |
used to, |
begin, start, |
помогают строить |
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употребляются |
stop, go on) |
сложные |
как сказуемое |
употребляются |
аналитические формы |
в предложении |
как часть сказуемого |
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She did her work well. |
She could do her work |
She has done her work |
We have a new house. |
well. |
well. |
He studies hard. |
We have to build a new |
We have built a new house. |
They play golf every Sun |
house. |
They will study hard. ’' |
day. |
You must study much. |
They said they would play |
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They started playing golf. |
golf. |
53
Четыре основные формы правильных и неправильных глаголов
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Инфинитив |
Простое |
Причастие II |
Причастие I |
Рорма глагола |
(неопределен |
прошедшее (прошедшего (настоящего |
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ная |
время |
времени) |
времени) |
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форма глагола) |
Past Simple |
Past |
Present |
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Вид глагола |
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Infinitive |
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Participle |
Participle |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Правильный |
to dance |
danced |
danced |
dancing |
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-ей (2 и 3 ф.) |
to work |
worked |
worked |
working |
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-тё (4 форма) |
to |
play |
played |
played |
playing |
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to |
cry |
cried |
cried |
crying |
Неправильный |
to do |
did |
done |
doing |
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а) изменение |
to |
feel |
felt |
felt |
feeling |
корневой |
to |
teach |
taught |
taught |
teaching |
гласной |
to |
tell |
told |
told |
telling |
-нщ (4 форма) |
to |
find |
found |
found |
finding |
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to |
stand |
stood |
stood |
standing |
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to |
write |
wrote |
written |
writing |
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to know |
knew |
known |
knowing |
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б) совпадающие |
to |
cost |
cost |
cost |
costing |
2 и 3 формы |
to |
cut |
cut |
cut |
cutting |
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to |
hit |
hit |
hit |
hitting |
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to |
hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
hurting |
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to |
let |
let |
let |
letting |
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to |
put |
put |
put |
putting |
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to |
shut |
shut |
shut |
shutting |
П р и м е ч а н и е . Полный список форм неправильных глаголов см. с. 56.
Правильные глаголы, представляющие орфографические трудности
Infinitive |
Past |
Past |
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Simple |
Participle |
agree |
agreed |
agreed |
carry |
carried |
carried |
die |
died |
died |
enjoy |
enjoyed |
enjoyed |
flow |
flowed |
flowed |
found |
founded |
founded |
hang |
hanged |
hanged |
'happen |
happened |
happened |
hurry |
hurried |
hurried |
marry |
married |
married |
nod |
nodded |
nodded |
'offer |
offered |
offered |
oc'cur |
occurred |
occurred |
plan |
planned |
planned |
pre'fer |
preferred |
preferred |
queue |
queued |
queued |
remember |
remembered |
remembered |
rob |
robbed |
robbed |
scan |
scanned |
scanned |
ski |
skied, ski’d |
skied, ski’d |
stay |
stayed |
stayed |
study |
studied |
studied |
swap |
swapped |
swapped |
tie |
tied |
tied |
travel |
travelled |
travelled |
Present |
Translation |
Participle |
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agreeing |
соглашаться |
carrying |
нести |
dying |
умирать |
enjoying |
наслаждаться |
flowing |
течь |
founding |
основать |
hanging |
казнить через |
happening |
повешение |
случаться |
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hurrying |
спешить |
marrying |
жениться |
nodding |
кивать |
offering |
предлагать |
occurring |
происходить, |
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случаться |
planning |
планировать |
preferring |
предпочитать |
queuing |
стоять в очереди |
remembering |
помнить |
robbing |
грабить |
scanning |
сканировать |
skiing |
кататься на лыжах |
staying |
оставаться |
studying |
учиться |
swapping |
обменяться чем-л. |
tying |
завязывать |
travelling |
путешествовать |