грамматика+учебник
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2. The Past Perfect Continuous can denote actions that began before a certain moment in the past and continued into it.
They couldn't go out because it had been raining since morning. He had been travelling all his life and was full of amazing stories.
THE PAST CONTINUOUS AND THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The Past Continuous denotes an action in progress at a definite moment in the past, while the Past Perfect Continuous points at its progress before a certain moment in the past.
He was walking when I met him. He had been walking before I met him.
We had been walking for an hour when it started raining.
The Past Continuous and not the Past Perfect Continuous is used with the adverb still.
He was still reading when I came.
The Past Perfect Continuous is used when there is a preposition or conjunction since.
He had been reading since I left.
DIFFERENT WAYS OF EXPRESSING FUTURE ACTIONS
There are different ways of expressing future actions, and other tenses besides the Future ones can be used.
The Present Indefinite is used to denote a fixed action with the verbs of motion:
Don't forget, we start in an hour.
The Present Continuous is used to denote a planned action:
We are meeting tonight.
The modal expression ‘be going to’ is used to denote intended or planned actions:
I'm going to start working on my report tomorrow.
It can also be used to make predictions – denote actions determined by something in the present:
You are so slow! We are going to be late.
The semi-modal verb ‘be to’ is used to denote an officially arranged action:
The Glasgow delegation is to arrive next week.
The phrase ‘be about to’ means that something is going to happen very soon:
Let's hurry. They are about to close the shop.
Besides, the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect, and the Present Perfect Continuous are used to denote future actions in the adverbial clauses of time and condition.
If you come tonight, we’ll discuss this question. I’ll help you while you are cooking. You’ll stay here until you have finished the work.
They will learn how to do it when they have been practicing for some time.
Future tenses are not used in adverbial clauses of time and condition.
THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
(FUTURE SIMPLE)
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FORMATION
The forms of the Future Indefinite are analytical. They are built by means of the auxiliary verb will for all persons and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle ‘to’. The auxiliary shall is sometimes used with the first person singular and plural.
Affirmative |
Interrogative |
I will (I’ll) go |
Will I go? |
He, she, it will (he, she, it’ll) go |
Will he, she, it go? |
We will (we’ll) go |
Will we go? |
You will (you’ll) go |
Will you go? |
They will (they’ll) go |
Will they go? |
Negative |
Negative-Interrogative |
I will not go |
Will I not (Won’t I) go? |
He, she, it will not go |
Will he, she, it not (Won’t he, she, it) go? |
We will not go |
Will we not (Won’t we) go? |
You will not go |
Will you not (Won’t you) go? |
They will not go |
Will they not (Won’t they) go? |
THE USE OF THE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
The Future Indefinite is used to denote: 1. Simple facts in the future:
It will snow in winter. They will come pretty soon. I’ll help you.
2. A succession of actions in future:
We’ll have breakfast, watch TV, and then you will come.
Very often will and shall have modal meaning besides that of futurity. Thus the verb ‘will’ can denote:
- Decisions made at the moment of speaking:
All right, I will phone you at nine.
- Requests:
Will you do me a favour?
- Promises:
I will come as soon as you call me.
- Offers and invitations:
Will you come to lunch?
The verb ‘shall’ can express: - Offers and suggestions:
Shall I make tea for you? Shall we start now?
- Asking for advice:
What shall I do if he comes again?
Note: Will and be going to
1. The auxiliary ‘will’ is used when we know or think about future; ‘be going to’ is used to express an intention while ‘will’ can be used to express details and comments:
We are going to spend summer near a river. We’ll live in a tent and fish a lot.
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2. We use ‘will’ to express an instant decision, while we use ‘be going to’ to show that we have already decided:
He is late. I’ll call him and find out where he is. I’m going to call her tonight and congratulate her.
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
(THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE)
FORMATION
The forms of the Future Continuous are analytical. They are built by means of the Future Indefinite form of the auxiliary verb be (will be) and participle I of the notional verb.
Affirmative |
Interrogative |
I will (I’ll) be reading |
Will I be reading? |
He, she, it will (’ll) be reading |
Will he, she, it be reading? |
We will (’ll) be reading |
Will we be reading? |
You will (’ll) be reading |
Will you be reading? |
They will (‘ll) be reading |
Will they be reading? |
Negative |
Negative-Interrogative |
I will not be reading |
Will I not (Won’t I) be reading? |
He, she, it will not be reading |
Will he, she, it not (Won’t he) be reading? |
We will not be reading |
Will we not (Won’t we) be reading? |
You will not be reading |
Will you not (Won’t you) be reading? |
They will not be reading |
Will they not (Won’t they) be reading? |
THE USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS
The Future Continuous tense is used to denote:
1.An action that will be in progress at a definite moment or during a definite period of time in the future:
At this time tomorrow my plane will be taking off.
2.An action that will happen as part of a routine:
I will be cleaning the house tomorrow – I always do it on Saturday.
3. An action that is planned or expected:
We 'II be staying at a hotel, I believe.
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
(THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE)
FORMATION
The forms of the future perfect are analytical. They are built by means of the future indefinite of the auxiliary verb have (will have) and participle II of the notional verb.
Affirmative |
|
Interrogative |
I will (’ll) have spoken |
|
Will I have spoken? |
He, she, it will (’ll) have spoken |
|
Will he, she, it have spoken? |
We will (’ll) have spoken |
|
Will we have spoken? |
|
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|
You will (’ll) have spoken |
Will you have spoken? |
They will (’ll) have spoken |
Will they have spoken? |
Negative |
Negative-Interrogative |
I will not have spoken |
Won’t I have spoken? |
He, she, it will not have spoken |
Won’t he, she, it have spoken? |
We will not have spoken |
Won’t we have spoken? |
You will not have spoken |
Won’t you have spoken? |
They will not have spoken |
Won’t they have spoken? |
THE USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
The Future Perfect is used to denote:
1. An action that is completed before a certain moment in the future:
I will have returned before you receive my letter.
2. An action that begins before a certain moment in the future and continues up to this moment or into it; it is used with the verbs that do not admit of the continuous form:
Next year she will have been a teacher for twenty years.
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
(THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)
FORMATION
The forms of the Future Continuous are analytical. They are built by means of the Future Perfect form of the auxiliary verb be (will have been) and participle I of the notional verb.
Affirmative |
Interrogative |
I’ll have been reading |
Will I have been reading? |
He, she, it’ll have been reading |
Will he, she, it have been reading? |
We’ll have been reading |
Will we have been reading? |
You’ll have been reading |
Will you have been reading? |
They’ll have been reading |
Will they have been reading? |
Negative |
Negative-Interrogative |
I’ll not (won’t) have been reading |
Won’t I have been reading? |
He, she, it’ll not (won’t) have been reading |
Won’t he, she, it have been reading? |
We’ll not (won’t) have been reading |
Won’t we have been reading? |
You’ll not (won’t) have been reading |
Won’t you have been reading? |
They’ll not (won’t) have been reading |
Won’t they have been reading? |
THE USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The Future Perfect Continuous is rarely used. It denotes an action that begins before a certain moment in the future and continues up to that moment or into it:
Next March they will have been building this house for two years. –В марте будет уже два года, как мы строим этот дом.
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FUTURE TENSES IN THE PAST
The future tenses in the past express actions which are future from the point of view of a past moment. They are mostly used to render reported speech. All the future in the past forms are analytical.
THE FUTURE INDEFINITE IN THE PAST
(THE FUTURE SIMPLE IN THE PAST)
FORMATION
The forms are built by means of the auxiliary verb would and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle ‘to’.
Affirmative |
Interrogative |
I’d (would) read |
Would I read? |
He, she, it’d (would) read |
Would he, she, it read? |
We’d (would) read |
Would we read? |
You’d (would) read |
Would you read? |
They’d (would) read |
Would they read? |
Negative |
Negative-Interrogative |
I would not (wouldn’t) read |
Wouldn’t I read? |
He, she, it would not (wouldn’t) read |
Wouldn’t he, she, it read? |
We would not (wouldn’t) read |
Wouldn’t we read? |
You would not (wouldn’t) read |
Wouldn’t you read? |
They would not (wouldn’t) read |
Wouldn’t they read? |
THE USE OF THE FUTURE INDEFINITE IN THE PAST
It is used to denote simple facts and habitual actions that are future from the point of view of the past:
He promised he would come as soon as he could.
We thought we would go to the beach every morning before breakfast.
Note: In complex sentences with the subordinate clauses if time and conditions one of past tenses is used in the subordinate clause:
She said she would call us when she was ready.
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST
(THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE IN THE PAST)
FORMATION
The forms of the future continuous in the past are built by means of the auxiliary verb be in the future indefinite in the past (would be) and participle I of the notional verb.
Affirmative |
|
Interrogative |
I’d be reading |
|
Would I be reading? |
He, she, it’d be reading |
|
Would he, she, it be reading? |
We’d be reading |
|
Would we be reading? |
You’d be reading |
|
Would you be reading? |
They’d be reading |
|
Would they be reading? |
|
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|
Negative |
Negative-Interrogative |
I wouldn’t be reading |
Wouldn’t I be reading? |
He, she, it wouldn’t be reading |
Wouldn’t he, she, it be reading? |
We wouldn’t be reading |
Wouldn’t we be reading? |
You wouldn’t be reading |
Wouldn’t you be reading? |
They wouldn’t be reading |
Wouldn’t they be reading? |
THE USE OF THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST
It is used to denote actions in progress at a definite moment that is future from the point of view of the past:
She thought that an hour later she would be answering their questions.
THE FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST
(THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE IN THE PAST)
FORMATION
The forms of the Future Perfect in the Past are built by means of the auxiliary verb have in the Future Indefinite in the Past (would have) and participle II of the notional verb.
Affirmative |
Interrogative |
I’d have spoken |
Would I have spoken? |
He, she, it’d have spoken |
Would he, she, it have spoken? |
We’d have spoken |
Would we have spoken? |
You’d have spoken |
Would you have spoken? |
They’d have spoken |
Would they have spoken? |
Negative |
Negative-Interrogative |
I wouldn’t have spoken |
Wouldn’t I have spoken? |
He, she, it wouldn’t have spoken |
Wouldn’t he, she, it have spoken? |
We wouldn’t have spoken |
Wouldn’t we have spoken? |
You wouldn’t have spoken |
Wouldn’t you have spoken? |
They wouldn’t have spoken |
Wouldn’t they have spoken? |
THE USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT IN THE PAST
It is used to denote actions completed before a certain moment which is future from the point of view of the past:
He was sure he would have achieved his goal before the end of the year.
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST
(THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE IN THE PAST)
FORMATION
The forms of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past are built by means of the auxiliary verb be in the Future Perfect in the Past form (would have been) and participle I of the notional verb.
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Affirmative |
Interrogative |
I’d have been working |
Would I have been working? |
He, she, it’d have been working |
Would he, she, it have been working? |
We’d have been working |
Would we have been working? |
You’d have been working |
Would you have been working? |
They’d have been working |
Would the have been working? |
Negative |
Negative-Interrogative |
I wouldn’t have been working |
Wouldn’t I have been working? |
He, she, it wouldn’t have been working |
Wouldn’t he, she, it have been working? |
We wouldn’t have been working |
Wouldn’t we have been working? |
You wouldn’t have been working |
Wouldn’t you have been working? |
They wouldn’t have been working |
Wouldn’t they have been working? |
THE USE OF THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS IN THE PAST
It is used to denote an action in progress before a certain moment that is future from the point of view of the past:
She said she would have been playing the piano for an hour before we came.
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
The sequence of tenses is a dependence of the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause on that of the verb in the principal clause. If the verb in the principal clause is used in one of the past tenses, a past tense or future in the past is used in the subordinate clause.
The sequence of tenses is generally observed in object, subject, and predicative clauses. It is not observed if the object clause expresses something ‘timeless’ or a general truth:
He said he knew the fact (object clause). What he knew was not important (subject clause).
The question was where we could find water (predicative clause). But: We knew that winter is usually severe in the North.
If the action expressed in the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the past action expressed in the principal clause, the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous is used in the subordinate clause:
They thought they had enough time.
If the action expressed in the subordinate clause is prior to the past action expressed in the principal clause, the Past Perfect is used in the subordinate clause:
They thought they had done everything.
If the action expressed in the subordinate clause was in progress before the past action expressed in the principal clause the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Continuous is used in the subordinate clause:
He realized he had seen too much of it.
He was sure he had been walking in the right direction.
If the action expressed in the subordinate clause is future in relation to the past action of the principal clause, the Future in the Past tenses are used:
He saw what would happen next.
John knew he would be still trying to solve the problem when they came.
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He realized he wouldn't have solved it until evening.
The sequence of tenses is observed in the reported speech if the action expressed in the principal clause refers to the past.
TENSE CHANGES
Present Indefinite — Past Indefinite
“I want this book”. — He said he wanted that book.
Present Continuous — Past Continuous
“I am waiting for you.” — She said she was waiting for me.
Present Perfect — Past Perfect
“I've come to meet you.” — He said he had come to meet me.
Present Perfect Continuous — Past Perfect Continuous
“I've been reading since morning.” — He said he had been reading since morning.
Past Simple — Past Perfect
“I talked to you sister.” — He said he had talked to my sister
Past Continuous — Past Perfect Continuous
“I was trying to help.” — He said he had been trying to help.
Future Indefinite — Future Indefinite in the Past
“I'll help you.” — He said he would help me.
Future Continuous — Future Continuous in the Past
“I’ll be talking to him at two |
— She said she would be talking to him the |
tomorrow.” |
next day at two. |
Future Perfect — Future Perfect in the Past
“The work will have been done by — He said the work would have been done
5”. |
by 5. |
Words related to time and place are also changed: |
|
here |
— there |
“I’ll wait for you here.” |
— He said he would wait for me there. |
ago |
— before |
“I met her two years ago.” |
— He said he had met her two years before. |
before |
— earlier |
“I’ve never been there before.” |
— He said he had never been there earlier. |
last week (month, year) |
— the week (month, year) before |
“I saw her last week.” |
— He said he had seen her the week before. |
next week (month, year) |
— the next week (month, year), the week |
|
(month, year) after, the following week |
|
(month, year). |
“We will meet next week.” |
— He said we would meet the next week /the |
|
week after I the following week. |
now |
— then / that day / at the moment |
“I am watching TV now.” |
— He said he was watching TV at that moment. |
this |
— that, the |
“This book is interesting.” |
— He said that book was interesting. |
|
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these
“I like these strawberries.” that
“I’ve read that story of hers.” “That story is nice.” this morning (evening, etc.)
“The morning we’ll get out of town.”
today
“There is nothing to do today.” tomorrow
“We’ll leave tomorrow.”
tonight
“We’re going to the theatre tonight.”
yesterday
“I met him yesterday.”
He said the book was interesting.
—those, the
—She said she liked those (the) strawberries.
—that, the
—He said he had read that story of hers. He said the story was nice.
—that morning (evening, etc.)
—He said they would get out of town that morning.
—that day
—He said there was nothing to do that day.
—the next day, the following day.
—She said they would leave the next day/ the following day.
—that night
—She said they were going to the theatre that night.
—the day before / the previous day
—She said she had met him the day before / the previous day.
Sequence of tenses doesn’t concern sentences with the Subjunctive Mood in the reported speech:
“If I could I would help you.” — She said she would help me if she could. “You look as if you were frightened.” – She said that I looked as if I were frightened.
Note: Sequence of tenses doesn’t concern attributive relative clauses and adverbial clauses:
He looked at the house that will still be here long after his death. I wanted to have a rest yesterday because I have a hard day today.
ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN TENSES
There is no sequence of tenses in Russian, that’s why Present tenses are used in the subordinate clause if the action expressed in it is simultaneous with the action expressed in the principal clause.
Everybody knew he planned such trips.
Все знали, что он планирует такие поездки.
Everybody knew he was planning a trip.
Все знали, что он планирует поездку.
Everybody knew he had been planning it for a long time.
Все знали, что он уже давно планирует ее.
If the action expressed in the subordinate clause is prior to that in the principal clause, past tenses are used in Russian:
Everybody knew who had planned the trip.
Все знали, кто спланировал поездку.
Everybody knew he had been planning (had planned) such trips before.
Все знали, что он планировал такие поездки раньше.
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The action, that is future in relation to the action of the principal clause, is expressed by a future tense in Russian:
Everybody knew who would plan the trip.
Все знали, кто будет планировать поездку.
PASSIVE VOICE
Voice is the grammatical category of the verb denoting the relationship between the action or state expressed by the predicate and the person or thing expressed by the subject.
The Active Voice shows that the subject denotes the doer (the agent) of the action expressed by the predicate.
The Passive Voice shows that the subject of the sentence denotes a person or a thing affected by the action of the predicate.
THE PASSIVE VOICE FORMS
Verbs in the passive voice have the same tense forms that occur in the active voice, except for the Future Continuous and Perfect Continuous forms. The passive forms are built according to the pattern:
be + participle II
The form of the verb be shows the tense of the passive form.
Present Indefinite: |
|
am/is/are + participle II |
Past Indefinite: |
was/were + participle II |
|
Future Indefinite: |
|
will be + participle II |
Future Indefinite in the Past: |
would be + participle II |
|
Present Continuous: |
|
am/is/are being + participle II |
Past Continuous: |
|
was/were being + participle II |
Present Perfect: |
have/has been + participle II |
|
Past Perfect: |
|
had been + participle II |
Future Perfect: |
will have been + participle II |
|
Future Perfect in the Past: |
|
would have been + participle II |
Books are sold here.
The letter was received yesterday. The rule will be explained tomorrow.
He promised that the tickets would be booked. The article is still being translated.
This district was being built when we came to work here. This book has been translated in many languages. He started eating before the table had been laid.
When we get there at last, everything will have been already discussed. She said the project would have been completed by summer.
In compound verbal modal predicates the passive form of the infinitive is used:
This letter must be sent immediately. This question cannot be answered.
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