грамматика+учебник

Mary visits her parents every weekend.

Adverbs of frequency are used to indicate how often the action is repeated: always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never.

2. General rules, laws of nature, something that doesn't depend on time:

Ice melts at 0°C.

The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

3. Actions and states presented as facts:

Now she lives in the South. She plays the piano perfectly.

4. Actions and states in progress at the present moment with the verbs of sense perception (see, hear, feel), mental activity (think, believe, suppose, know, understand), existence (be, exist), some link verbs (be, seem), verbs denoting relation (have, belong, depend), emotional state (like, love, hate), wish (want, wish, desire) and verbs of declaring (declare, announce, proclaim):

I don't hear you, speak louder, please. I think (suppose, believe) I like this story.

She is at home now. She seems tired.

Now everything depends on you.

Do you want to have breakfast now or later? Listen, they announce our flight.

5. A succession of actions:

Somebody knocks. Then the door opens and Ann enters.

6.Future actions:

(a)in adverbial subordinate clauses of time and condition after the conjunctions when, as soon as, while, as long as, till, until, before, after, by the time (when), if, unless, in case, on condition that, provided:

He will phone you when he learns the facts. Do it as soon as you have time.

Don't go away until I come. Will you help me if I need help?

We'll go to the country unless it starts raining.

(b) with the verbs of motion when the action is fixed and the future time is indicated:

The train starts in half an hour, let's hurry.

We arrive in Moscow next Sunday and stay there for a week.

7.Past actions

(a)in headlines, outlines, etc:

Champion Wins Again.

Jane Eyre leaves her aunt's house and her life at Lowood Institution begins.

(b) in narration to make it more vivid:

Last night I switched on the TV-set and there I see you.

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I am so excited that I start phoning all my friends.

8. Completed actions with hear, be told, forget (not to remember a particular detail):

I hear you are a student now. I am already told the news.

Sorry, but I forget (don't remember) his name.

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)

FORMATION

The forms of the Present Continuous are analytical. They are formed by means of the present indefinite of the auxiliary verb be and participle I of the notional verb.

THE USE OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Present Continuous denotes an action which is in progress and refers to the present.

The Present Continuous is used to denote:

1.An action going on at the moment of speaking.

–Can I talk to David?

–Not at the moment: he is sleeping.

2.An action taking place within more or less long period of time

Where is your brother? He is travelling.

I can't find “The Green Years” by A. Cronin at the library. They say the first-year students are reading it.

3.A continual process (with the adverbs always, constantly, ever), referring to

any time

The Earth is constantly moving; it is rotating round the Sun.

4.The Present Continuous can be used to denote actions, states or qualities peculiar to the person at the given moment.

You are being rude, Tom. Your behaviour is killing your aunt. It's spring. Birds are returning from the South.

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5. Actions characteristic of a certain person within more or less long period of time. The action is usually represented as going on without an interval and there is an element of exaggeration, which is called forth by emotions (irritation, disapproval, impatience etc.). So such sentences are always emotionally coloured. The adverbs always and constantly are often used in them.

You are constantly talking at the lessons! She is always grumbling.

6.Future actions

(a)in adverbial clauses of time and condition after the conjunctions when, while, as long as, if, in case, unless;

Will you make tea while I am finishing mу home task? I'll pick you up at nine if you are still working at this time.

(b)mostly with the verbs of motion when the action is planned or intended and the

future time is indicated:

— Are you leaving tomorrow? – Yes, and I'm coming back on Monday.

Note 1: The Present Indefinite, not the Present Continuous is used to denote actions going on at the present moment when the fact is more important than the process:

Why don't you answer? Why do you look at me so?

Note 2: The Present Continuous is not generally used with the verbs of sense perception, mental activity or emotional states and with some relational verbs and link verbs:

Do you hear me now? I think you are not right. I hate lemons. The house now belongs to Mr. Sanford.

It can be used with the verb live to denote a temporary action:

She is living in London now.

Note 3: The Present Continuous is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions while, when, as long as to denote a period of time.

Never talk while you are eating.'

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE)

FORMATION

The forms of the Present Perfect are analytical. They are formed by means of the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary verb have and participle II of the notional verb. There are the following contracted forms of the auxiliary verb have: ’ve, and ’s.

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THE USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

The Present Perfect denotes an action preceding the present moment but connected with it. It is used to denote:

1. Actions or states, which took place in the past and are connected with the present:

I have read the article (and can discuss it with you). They have arrived (now we can go and see them).

It is frequently used with the adverbs already, before, ever, never, often, recently, still, yet, just, of late, etc.:

It has already started raining. (Take an umbrella). They have never been to London. They still haven't found an answer (There is no answer).

Note: In questions the adverb ‘already’ is used to express surprise that something has happened so soon:

Have you met them already?

2. Actions or states when their results are obvious in the present:

I've broken the cup — look!

She has written the review — here it is.

3. Actions which take place in periods of time that are not over:

She has met a lot of people this week. We have completed our research this year.

4. Actions completed before a definite moment in the future in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, as soon as, till, until, before, after.

I am leaving as soon as I've got the answer. He won't talk to you until you have apologized.

5. Actions which started in the past, continued up to the moment of speaking, and are still going on. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration; the preposition since is used to denote the starting point of the action.

She has lived here for three years. She has lived here since last October.

This use of the Present Perfect is called the Present Perfect Inclusive. The form is translated into Russian by the Present or the Past imperfective. It is used:

(a) with the verbs which don't usually form continuous:

She has known about you for a week or so.

Она знает о тебе уже около недели.

(b) in negative sentences:

I haven't seen her since last week.

Я не вижу (не видела) ее с прошлой недели.

(с) with non-terminative verbs (to live, to study, to work, etc.):

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I've worked at this problem for several months.

Я работаю над этой проблемой уже несколько месяцев.

Note 1: The Present Simple and not the Present Perfect is used in sentences of the following kind:

How long is it since you came here? – It is 2 hours since I came here.

Note 2: Mind the use of tenses in the following sentence:

It is the second time you have been late.

THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST INDEFINITE

The Past Indefinite shows that the action belongs to the past while the Present Perfect shows its connection with the present.

He often came here (but doesn’t any more).

He has often come here (so he may do it again).

The Present Perfect is never used with the adverbial modifiers of the past time

(yesterday, last week).

We didn't see him yesterday.

Both tenses can be used with the adverbial modifiers, denoting the period of time that is not over,

I have talked to him today. I talked to him today.

With the adverb just the Present Perfect is used; with the expression just now the Past Indefinite is used.

I have just heard the news. I heard the news just now.

The Present Perfect is used with the adverb lately (последнее время) while the Past Indefinite is used with the adverbial phrase last time (последний раз):

I haven’t talked to him lately. Last time I saw him, he didn’t talk.

The Russian adverb “давно” can correspond to two different phrases in English: long ago which is used with the Past Indefinite and for a long time which is usually used with the Present Perfect:

I found it out long ago. I’ve known it for a long time.

The Past Indefinite not the Present Perfect is used in When-questions. Both tenses can be used in Where-questions, but the Past Indefinite is more frequently used in them.

When did you come? Where did you find it? Where have you been?

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)

FORMATION

The forms of the Present Perfect Continuous are analytical. They are built by means of the present perfect of the auxiliary verb be (have/has been) and participle I of the notional verb.

THE USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to denote:

1.Actions and states that begin in the past and continue into the present:

She has been reading since morning and she hasn't finished yet.

2.Actions that begin in the past and continue till the moment of speaking:

Here you are at last. I have been waiting for you all day.

3.Actions in progress that both begin and end before the moment of speaking but

are connected with the present:

I see you have been using my table again.

The Present Perfect and not the Present Perfect Continuous is used to denote a multiple action:

I’ve ironed three shirts. How many music lessons have you had?

4. Future actions in progress before a certain moment in the future (in adverbial clauses of time and condition):

You will get used to them after you have been sitting at table with them for a couple of days.

THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

(THE PAST SIMPLE)

FORMATION

The verb be has two forms of the Past Indefinite — was for the singular and were for the plural.

The affirmative forms of the Past Indefinite of other verbs are synthetic; they are represented by the second form of the basic verb forms. The interrogative and negative forms are analytical; they are built by means of the auxiliary verb do in the Past Indefinite (did) and the Infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to.

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The auxiliary did is used in affirmative forms to emphasize the statement:

I tell you the truth, I did see him yesterday.

THE USE OF THE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE

The Past Indefinite refers actions to the past cut off from the present. It is the tense of narration. The reference of the context to the past is indicated by adverbials of time: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last year, last week, a month ago, in 1999, on the 1st of September, etc.

He left last Monday. Pushkin was born in 1799. She came back an hour ago.

The Past Indefinite Tense is used to denote:

1. Habitual (customary) actions in the past.

Mr. Sanford usually took an early train to town.

Note: Repeated, habitual actions are also expressed by ‘used to + Infinitive’ and ‘would + Infinitive’. They form a compound verbal aspect predicate:

He used to sit up late reading when he studied at college. He would come every Sunday with toys and sweets for us.

Sometimes ‘used to’ denotes actions or states that lasted some time in the past:

They used to be friends.

There used to be a telephone-booth round the corner.

2.Simple facts in the past:

–When did you buy this dictionary? — I bought it a month ago.

They translated this novel ten years ago.

3. A succession of past actions.

She put aside the book and went out into the garden. He locked the door and ran downstairs.

4. Actions future from the point of view of the past in adverbial clauses of time and condition in the indirect speech, if the predicate of the principal clause is in the

past:

She said she would leave when she finished the work.

She said they usually went to the park in the afternoon, if it did not rain.

5. Actions in progress at a certain moment in the past, with the verbs that are not usually used in Continuous forms:

He was not listening but still heard what they were speaking about. She did not understand what they were speaking about.

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THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

(THE PAST PROGRESSIVE)

FORMATION

The forms of the Past Continuous are analytical. They are built by means of the past forms of the auxiliary verb be (was, were) and participle I of the notional verb.

THE USE OF THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

The Past Continuous is used to denote:

1. Actions in progress at a certain moment in the past:

At nine he was still having breakfast. It was raining heavily when he left.

The moment of time may be indicated by means of adverbials, adverbial clauses or understood from the situation:

It was late but he was still working.

2. Actions and states characteristic of certain persons in the past:

She was leaving her things everywhere.

3. Actions thought of as continual processes:

He was writing a book that summer.

With the phrases the whole day, all day long both the Past Indefinite and the Past Continuous may be used:

We were watching TV the whole day yesterday. We watched TV the whole day yesterday.

The Past Indefinite emphasizes the fact while the Past Continuous emphasizes the process.

4.Future actions viewed from the past with the verbs of motion if the action is planned or expected:

She was leaving next morning and there wasn't much time left.

5.A period of time in the middle of which something happens:

I was reading when my friend called.

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The verbs of sense perception are usually used in the Past Indefinite as in this case actions are practically simultaneous:

When he saw me he stopped.

If the conjunctions when and than are correlated with adverbs scarcely, hardly, no sooner in the principal clause, the word order in the principal clause can be inverted and the use of the Past Perfect is obligatory:

No sooner had he noticed us than he hurried away. We had hardly left the house when it started raining.

Her head had scarcely touched the pillow when she was already sleeping.

The Past Perfect can be rendered into Russian by the past tense perfective and imperfective.

He had discovered some very strange facts. - Он обнаружил несколько очень странных фактов.

Не had looked at me silently for some time. - Некоторое время он молча смотрел

на меня.

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE)

FORMATION

The forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are analytical. They are built by means of the Past Perfect form of the verb be (had been) and participle I of the notional verb.

THE USE OF THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. It is used to denote actions that began before a certain moment in the past and continued up to that moment. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration, the preposition or the conjunction since is used to denote the starting point of the action.

They had been walking for some time and then they stopped to have some rest. Though she looked calm I knew she had been crying since morning.

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