Падеж (The Case)

Большинство существительных имеет один падеж, общий, не имеющий специальных окончаний. Падежные отношения часто передаются с помощью предлогов: The book of the teacher is on the table (род. пад.); I gave the book to Mike (дат. пад.); The book is written by the professor. I took the photos with my camera (тв. пад.); I am fond of reading about adventures. She spoke of art and music (предл. пад.).

Притяжательный падеж обозначает принадлежность и образуется присоединением апострофа и окончания ’s или апострофа’ к основе существительного.

1.’s присоединяется к существительным в единственном числе: student’s book, mother’s bag, actress’s hat, boy-friend’s house, father-in-law’s car.

2.’s присоединяется к именам собственным: John’s dictionary, Mike and Mary’s son, Charles the Second’s constitution, Burns’s / Burns’ poems, Britain’s policy, Russia’s riches, Moscow’s government, the Moon’s light.

3.’s присоединяется к существительным во множественном числе, не оканчивающимся на -s: men’s magazine, women’s department, children’s toys.

4.’ присоединяется к существительным во множественном числе: students’ room, girls’ clothes.

Притяжательный падеж образуется с некоторыми неодушевленными существительными для выражения времени (six months’ work), расстояния (a mile’s way), стоимости (a pound’s worth), а также с наречиями (today’s news).

Grammar Practice

Ex.1. Make nouns from the following words using the suffixes -ment, -y, -er, -ist, -ship, -ion, -tion, -ness, -ence, -ism, -ity, -hood, -age.

1. Employ; 2. except; 3. organize; 4. friend; 5. prefer; 6. agree; 7. kind; 8. develop; 9. humour; 10. combine; 11. popular; 12. child; 13. use; 14. translate; 15. refer; 16. examine; 17. dark; 18. judge; 19. polite; 20. excellent; 21. magnet; 22. excited; 23. type; 24. create; 25. music; 26. like; 27. great; 28. mile; 29. move; 30. patriot.

Ex.2. Choose the uncountable nouns.

Furniture, ticket, tea-pot, silver, job, work, blood, journey, monkey, advice, accommodation, apartment, traffic, idea, butter, knowledge, watch, weather, scenery, story, penny, business, life, article, noise, meal, friendship, poetry, programme, money, hope, electricity, luck, oil, rice.

Ex.3. Supply the missing words. Refer to the list.

Actress, aunt, bridegroom, daughter, female, lionesses, nephew, nieces, prince, queens, saleswoman, sister, uncle, waitress, widower, goddess.

1. Dick’s brother is a bank clerk and his … is a nurse. 2. My aunt is very nice and my … has a good sense of humour. 3. My … is a little boy of four. 4. Tony is an actor and his wife is an … 5. Garry and Sue work in a restaurant; he is a waiter and she is a … 6. In fairy tales the handsome … usually marries the beautiful princess. 7. In the wildlife park you can see many lions and … 8. In mythology, Mars is the god of war, Diana is the … of hunting. 9. A widow can often manage much better on her own than a … 10. A … won the award for most sales, a salesman came second. 11. It’s difficult to distinguish between male and … among fish. 12. Very few people know the names of the kings and … of England. 13. This is the photo of the bride and the … at the wedding. 14. The Smiths have a son called Sam and a … called Jill. 15. My uncle and … are from Canada. 16. I enjoy being an uncle. I have two … and three nephews.

Ex.4. Make these words plural.

Factory, ox, sheep, valley, potato, dish, box, handkerchief, postman, editor-in-chief, goose, curriculum, leaf, passer-by, son-in-law, radio, orange, sheriff, Japanese, American, German, means, computer, day, vegetable, looker-on, woman-driver, touch-me-not, deer, child, studio, shelf, classmate, formula, tooth, cliff, tray, city, library, crisis, bush, Russian, Portuguese, Swiss, penny, salmon, tomato, Negro, loaf, basis.

Ex.5. Make singular nouns plural and plural nouns singular where it’s possible.

Children, match, hobby, shelves, mice, chief, potato, radio, universities, sportsman, money, people, photo, country, teeth, advice, dish, work, economics, means, fox, woman, passer-by, clothes, wives, hero, sheep, addresses, physics, father-in-law, cherry, video, goods, knife, key, goose, armies, roof, eyes, zoo, bus, woman-teacher, teenager, guy, actress, hair, commander-in-chief, let-down, secretaries, Swiss, jeans, thieves, oxen, man-of-war, flies, potato, curricula, hanger-on, go-between, feet.

Ex.6. Use in the plural.

1. The sheep is in the field. 2. The potato is on the plate. 3. The postman delivers letters. 4. The roof of that house is bad. 5. This is a lovely city. 6. This family is at home. 7. That house is old. 8. This woman is a teacher. 9. Who is that man? 10. The piano is of the latest model. 11. This person is a good sportsman. 12. That is his photo. 13. I have a bad tooth. 14. Here is your toy. 15. He is our chief. 16. The deer is a beautiful animal. 17. His son-in-law is here. 18. Do you know this passer-by? 19. The key is on the shelf. 20. The leaf is yellow.

Ex.7. Rewrite these sentences in the plural making the necessary changes.

1. This cherry is sweet. 2. That key is mine. 3. This knife is blunt. 4. The leaf is yellow. 5. The roof is dangerous. 6. We have a Henry in our family. 7. She is Fred’s wife. 8. That box is yours. 9. There is a dish on the table. 10. There is a potato in the bag. 11. This handkerchief isn’t clean. 12. This video is better than that one. 13. This tooth is aching. 14. A Swiss is used to mountains. 15. Don’t sell that sheep. 16. This is Mary’s pet mouse. 17. Can you see that goose? 18. A postman is very busy.

Ex.8. Complete the sentences with is or are.

1. That __ good news! 2. The police here __ helpful. 3. My pair of jeans __ expensive. 4. The furniture in the sitting room __ stylish. 5. Your advice __ always useful. 6. Where __ the money? 7. Where __ the clothes? 8. My sister’s eyes __ blue and her hair __ fair. 9. The scissors __ not sharp. 10. How many people __ present at the meeting? 11. __ your trousers clean? 12. My earnings __ not high. 13. His Mathematics __ better now. 14. Sheep __ domestic animals. 15. His teeth __ aching. 16. There __ no ink in the pen. 17. Where __ the goods from? 18. Darts __ his hobby. 19. Where __ her luggage? 20. His knowledge __ perfect.

Ex.9. Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. Steve’s trousers (is, are) out of fashion. 2. Where have you put the scissors? (Here it is. Here they are.) 3. The furniture in the room (is, are) of good quality. 4. The news on the radio (is, are) very important for us. 5. Their information (is, are) not correct. 6. Her hair (is, are) blonde. 7. The police (is, are) mobile and helpful here. 8. Look! The cattle (is, are) grazing. 9. Where (is, are) the money? (It is, They are) on the table. 10. Her knowledge of English (is, are) poor. 11. Your watch (is, are) 3 minutes slow. 12. The teachers’ wages (is, are) low. 13. The clothes (is, are) clean and ironed. 14. The fruit (is, are) not ripe yet. 15. Their progress (is, are) great. 16. Your advice (is, are) necessary for me. 17. Physics (is, are) the study of natural laws. 18. Athletics (is, are) challenging. 19. His luggage (is, are) extremely heavy. 20. The old couple (is, are) on the coast. 21. The staff of the clinic (is, are) nice. 22. Billiards (is, are) played everywhere. 23. There (is, are) a lot of sheep in the field. 24. The headquarters (is, are) in London. 25. Her wok (is, are) tiring.

Ex.10. Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. How much / How many spaghetti have we got? 2. Where is / are my new trousers? 3. I put some / any chocolate somewhere, but where is it? 4. Here is a / some glass to fix the broken window. 5. I’m afraid, we haven’t much / many time. 6. The news is / are on at 9 p.m. 7. How much / How many furniture shops are there? 8. I have the milk but I can’t find a / some glass. 9. Could you give me some / any orange juice, please? 10. I’d like a / some information about trains to Paris. 11. The police are / is interested in this case. 12. The youth of today have / has many advantages. 13. The statistics in this report are / is inaccurate. 14. Is / Are there any statistics for road accidents? 15. That shop sells twenty different cheese / cheeses. 16. Waiter, here is a hair / hair in my soup.

Ex.11. Put in some, any, a, the, a lot of, –.

1. I’d like … information, please. 2. Is there … toast, please? 3. There is … slice of toast left. 4. What’s … weather like today? 5. Can I have … potatoes, please? 6. I need … new clothing. 7. I’m tired. I’ve done … shopping. 8. This is … letter from John. 9. Can you give me … description of it? 10. I’d like … tomatoes, please. 11. Would you like … spaghetti, please? 12. There is … traffic this morning. 13. Jack has gone to bed with … flu. 14. Have you made … progress with French? 15. Our teacher has given us … homework. 16. There is … rubbish in the garden. 17. I’m going to plant … tree in front of the house.

Ex.12. Use the Possessive Case where it’s possible.

1. the camera / Tom; 2. the toys / the children; 3. the car / Nick’s parents; 4. the economic policy / the government; 5. the house / my aunt and uncle; 6. the ground floor / the building; 7. the cousins / Don and Mary; 8. the garden / our neighbours; 9. the top / the page; 10. the newspaper / yesterday; 11. son / Mr. Evans; 12. the ring / the princess; 13. the honey / the taste; 14. the tree / the roots; 15. the hat / his father-in-law; 16. collars / the cats; 17. the world / the wonders; 18. the wallet / the man; 19. the tail / the monkey; 20. the view / the beauty; 21. the paper / Sunday.

Ex.13. Use the words in brackets instead of the pronouns.

1. Where is his coat? (Andrew) 2. Is that his car? (your brother) 3. It’s on her desk. (the teacher) 4. Its dinner is here. (the dog) 5. Their children are at school now. (Pat and Mike) 6. It’s her idea. (my wife) 7. His new bike is really good. (Jeff) 8. Here’s their telephone number. (the Simons) 9. Its new cinema is fine. (the city)

Ex.14. Rewrite the sentences using ’s, s’ or the apostrophe (’).

1. This bicycle is for a child. 2. This pen belongs to the teacher. 3. Let’s listen to the career of the actress. 4. These toys belong to the children. 5. It’s a school for girls. 6. This umbrella belongs to James. 7. This is the lounge for students. 8. That’s a voice of a man. 9. These uniforms are for women. 10. It’s the fault of Doris. 11. Those are offices for bosses. 12. It’s a name for a girl. 13. It’s a nest for a bird. 14. These are clothes for men.

Ex.15. Use ’s, s’ or the apostrophe (’) where it is possible.

1. That is the decision of the committee. 2. I can’t see the bottom of the box. 3. This is the copy of the poetry by Tennyson. 4. This is the leg of the table. 5. Where is the key of the car? 6. That’s the bell of the church. 7. The paws of tigers are strong. 8. We stayed for some days at the house of my mother-in-law. 9. They have a journey of three days. 10. You look tired. Take a rest of a day. 11. The distance isn’t very long. It’s only of five miles. 12. Let’s meet at the shop owned by the chemist. 13. I’m going to spend a night at the house owned by my aunt. 14. They were married in the church dedicated to St. Andrew.

Ex.16. Write the apostrophe (’) in the correct place.

1. Theres a teachers meeting on Mondays. 2. Are the childrens coats in the car? 3. The mens clothes are upstairs. 4. Alices mothers very ill. 5. Thats my mothers dress. 6. My parents flats rather big. 7. Emma and Pauls cars outside. 8. Anns paintings beautiful. 9. Natalys my sisters friend. 10. Those are our relatives photos. 11. Todays conferences at 3 oclock. 12. My fathers birthdays on 12 July.

Ex.17. Use the Possessive Case with the following words.

1. the owner / car; 2. the jacket / that man; 3. the daughter / Charles; 4. the newspaper / yesterday; 5. the birthday / my grandmother; 6. the new manager / the company; 7. the garden / our neighbours; 8. the children / Frank and Pat; 9. the economic policy / the government; 10. the husband / Catherine; 11. the car / parents / Mike; 12. the wedding / friend / Helen; 13. a hat for a woman; 14. a school for boys; 15. the toys / these babies; 16. name / sister-in-law / Mary; 17. office / my boss; 18. art galleries / Moscow; 19. my salary for a month; 20. surface / the Moon; 21. wheels / a car; 22. centre / the city; 23. the husband / elder daughter / Mr Smith; 24. book / the author; 25. the wages / the women; 26. the clothes / the children.

Ex.18. Translate into English.

1. Это неожиданные новости. 2. Это не мои очки. Отнеси их в комнату. 3. Мне нужно много новой мебели. 4. Многие из этих советов очень полезные. 5. Его одежда всегда модная. 6. Возьмите эти носовые платки. 7. Листья еще зеленые. 8. У кого из вас хорошие знания по математике? 9. Дай эти деньги мне. Они очень нужны мне. 10. Их жены и дети сейчас за городом. 11. Новые брюки ему немного длинны. 12. Возьми эти ножницы. Они острые. 13. У нее очень красивые волосы. Они густые и длинные. 14. Мне очень нравятся эти часы. Они стильные. 15. У твоего папы большая зарплата? 16. Сколько у тебя денег с собой? 17. Эти данные чрезвычайно важные. 18. Бильярд – занимательная игра. 19. Какая погода сегодня? – Она замечательная. 20. Покажи мне те фотографии, пожалуйста. 21. Обе ее дочери замужем. У нее два зятя. 22. Когда у твоей сестры день рождения? 23. Дети Дианы и Ричарда – студенты. 24. Где отдел детской одежды? – Он на втором этаже. 25. Гарвард – самый знаменитый университет Америки. 26. Это коллекция марок моей невестки. 27. Где вчерашние газеты? 28. Это машина наших родственников. 29. Это проблемы Стива и Джеймса. 30. Компьютер Марка последней модели, не так ли? 31. Чьи это учебники? – Это учебники наших сокурсников. 32. Джек – актер, а его жена – актриса. 33. Мой племянник – маленький трехлетний мальчик. 34. В зоопарке много видов животных. 35. Сколько буханок хлеба на столе? 36. На крышах домов много антенн. 37. Эти природные явления очень редкие. 38. Сколько стоит пара джинсов?