book 1_2013

Robbery” was produced. Along with time, films evolved from silent films with flickering pictures to those with impressive techniques.

The 1920s were the golden age of the silent cinema. Filmmaking studios – United Artists, Fox, Metro- Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount, Universal, Columbia – became miniature empires, with separate departments for stories, wardrobes, lighting, sets and publicity. The Los Angeles suburb of Hollywood became movie capital of the United States.

Of all the stars of the silent screen, none is more esteemed than Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977). Chaplin was one of the first artists to use cinema as a personal instrument for expressing his own attitudes and feelings. Chaplin’s outstanding films “The Tramp”, “The Gold Rush”, “City Lights” confirm their power over generations of moviegoers.

The first talking picture “The Jazz Singer” was turned out in 1927. Sound brought with it a reorganization of the studios, more subtle acting technique, new actors and writers, and new types of pictures. The 30s offered musicals, cartoons, Westerns, costume dramas, horror films, adaptations of the classics.

The film that became the climax of pre-war production was “Gone With the Wind” (1939). After World War II the decline of major Hollywood studios began. The “witch-hunt” conducted by the House of Un-American Activities Committee during the late 40s and all the 50s struck a severe blow to the film industry. Many talented artists had either to leave Hollywood for Europe or abandon the industry altogether.

During the 1950s the film industry faced a growing popularity of TV and European cinema. The decade offered a great number of science fiction films. Another distinctive feature of those years was the popularity of the blockbuster, i.e. the big-budget picture with spectacular lavish sets of extras (“Quo Vadis” “Ben Hur”, etc).

In the 60s the film production shifted from the big studios to independent filmmakers. Fewer and fewer films were made on the West Coast. Instead they were shot in New York, Europe, Africa and South America.

The movies of the 60s burst into an inhibited style. The industry produced pictures full of violence and explicit sex scenes. The antihero, who hated the Establishment and broke moral code and criminal law, became prevalent on the screen (“Bonnie and Clyde”, “Easy Rider” etc.)

The 70s gave rise to a new group of talented directors: Woody Allen, M. Scorsese, S. Spielberg and others. The decade offered pictures of great variety. The movies which smashed box-office records in the 70s were George Lucas’s “Star Wars” and Fr. Coppola’s “The Godfather” (part I, part II).

(Based on: “An Introduction to American Movies”; http://www.celebsystem.com/)

231

)

He studies English.

They are reading the text now.

I have written the exercise already.

We have been studying English for 5 years.

232

* :

(Who? / Which of you…? / What?). .

: Jack likes to play chess.

Who likes to play chess? – Jack does.

, :

: Jack likes to play chess with his brother.

Who does Jack like to play chess with?

233

“THERE + to be”

there + to be , ,

. , .

, .

: There are many books at our library. (

.) There are many ways of solving this problem.

.)

: Are there many books at your library? Yes, there are. ( , .) / No, there are not. (Hi, .)

234

there + to be

no,

many, much no not. : There will be no lecture on physics tomorrow. There aren't many books at our library.

, to be

,

: : There is a table, four chairs, and a sofa in the room. There are four chairs, a table, and a sofa in the room.

(PLURAL OF NOUNS)

-s (-es s, ss, sh, ch, x, z).

1. ) , +-y”,

–s (e.g.: boy – boys; toy - toys);

) , + -y”,

–es, y i (e.g.: army – armies; baby - babies).

2. ) , - o,

–es (e.g.: tomato – tomatoes; potato - potatoes);

) , + -o”,

, ,

–s:

e.g.: radio – radios, kangaroo – kangaroos;

piano – pianos, soprano – sopranos, concerto – concertos; kilo (kilogram) – kilos, photo (photograph) – photos.

3) , “- f(-fe)”,

–es(-s), f v (e.g.: wolf – wolves; knife - knives). : roof; safe; handkerchief; chief ( ).

1.: man - men

woman - women foot - feet

tooth – teeth goose - geese

mouse – mice, .

2.–en: child – children; ox – oxen.

235

: basis – bases

phenomenon – phenomena; criterion – criteria

nucleus – nuclei spectrum – spectra, .

4.sheep, deer

.

5.: advice; news; knowledge; progress; money; information; ink; cream .

6.( , )

: trousers; scissors; glasses, goods, customs, savings .

7.( , )

.

: some, much, a lot of, a little

.

8.(family, team, committee )

, , –

: The committee gathers for its sessions twice a year. The committee were arguing among themselves.

(NUMERAL)

Cardinal Numbers ( )

: 21 twenty-one; 22 twenty-two; 23 twenty-three; 24 twenty-four .

236

100th one hundredth

1,000th one thousandth

1,000,000th one millionth

1,000,000,000th one billionth

(FRACTIONS)

1/7 – one seventh; 3/7 – three sevenths;

½ – a (one) half; ¼ – a (one) quarter; 0.45 – point four five (forty-five);

3.105 – three point one nought (zero) five;

35 – three to the fifth power (the fifth power of three); 32 – three squared; 33 – three cubed.

(DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS)

,

(comparative degree) –

, (superlative degree) –

,

( less; (the) least).

1.

, -est. ,

, ,

:

: dark – darker – the darkest

237

more, - (the) most:

: interesting – more (less) interesting; the most (least) interesting; beautiful - more (less) beautiful; the most (least) beautiful.

:

good, well – better; the best ( , ; , ;

, );

bad, badly – worse; the worst , ,

, );

little – less, lesser ( ); the least , ;

, );

many, much – more; the most , ; )

:

old – older; the oldest ( , )/elder; the eldest ; )

late – later ( , - ); the latest - ( ))/latter

); the last ; )

far – farther , , ); the farthest (

)/further; the furthest , , ) near – nearer; the nearest ( , - ; , - ( )/the

next ).

5.( )

.

: The box is square. (

, , ).

, almost; not quite, nearly

, ).

: Of all the coins, this one is the most nearly round.

).

This kitten is almost dead; the other seems fine. (wrong: *This kitten is deader than that one). The vote in the Senate was not quite unanimous: 99 to 1.

: absolute; alone; blind; dead; empty; equal; eternal; final; first, second…( ); full; horizontal; perfect; pregnant; primary; right; round; single; square; straight; supreme; unanimous; unique; vertical; wrong

6.(

, ) else other:

238

: Alaska is larger than any other state in the USA (wrong: *Alaska is larger than any state in the USA. –

, ). Ann is heavier than anyone else in the class.

Jim’s car was faster than any other car in the race.

7.,

(

).

:

wrong: *Carl loves Chris more than Terry. (Does Carl love Chris more than Terry loves Chris? Or does Carl love Chris more than he loves Terry?)

right: Carl loves Chris more than Terry does. / Carl loves Chris more than he loves Terry.

239

240