- •U n I t 1 telecommunications
- •1 Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations:
- •2 Translate the following word-combinations into English:
- •Telecommunication
- •1 Find in the text English equivalents to the following Russian words and word combinations:
- •6 Fill the blanks using the words below:
- •Telephone
- •1 Using the text give derivatives from the following words and translate them into Russian:
- •2 Fill the blanks using the words below:
- •3 Answer the following questions:
- •4 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:
- •5 Read the text, describe the principal of telephone communication
- •Radio communications
- •1 Answer the following questions:
- •3 Choose from part II the appropriate continuation of the sentences.
- •4 Translate without using a dictionary.
- •5 Look at the following short descriptions of processes:
- •1 Using the information from the first three texts translate the following one from Russian into English.
- •U n I t 2 modulation
- •1 Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations:
- •2 Translate the following word-combinations into English:
- •Modulation
- •1 Answer the following questions:
- •2 Reply to the following sentences with a suitable question:
- •3 Translate the following fragment into English using the information from the text.
- •4 Make up a summary of the text using the cliché:
- •Digital and analog modulation methods
- •1 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
- •2 Translate the following sentences into English:
- •3 Choose from part II the appropriate continuation of the sentences.
- •4 Read the following paragraph. Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below.
- •5 Translate without using a dictionary
- •6 Make a brief summary of the text.
- •Modulator and demodulator
- •1 Translate the following word-combinations into Russian:
- •2 Answer the following questions:
- •3 Read the following paragraph. Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below.
- •4 Translate without using a dictionary.
- •1 Using the information from the first three texts translate the following one from Russian into English.
- •Модуляция и помехоустойчивое кодирование
- •U n I t 3
- •1 Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations:
- •2 Translate the following word-combinations into English:
- •Transmission systems
- •1 Answer the following questions:
- •2 Complete the following simple process description of the function of a terminal repeater station:
- •3 Complete the following tree diagram:
- •4 Read the following paragraph. Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below.
- •Why optical fibers are useful and how they work
- •1 Below are the advantages of optical fibers. Match them with an appropriate explanation:
- •2 Discuss the importance of the above advantages in using optical fiber in public telephone networks. Try to rank the above advantages in order of importance.
- •3 Complete the following tables:
- •4 Read the following paragraph. Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below.
- •5 Reply to the following sentences with a suitable question:
- •6 Make a brief summary of the text.
- •1 Answer the following questions:
- •2 Read the following paragraph. Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below.
- •3 Translate the following sentences into English:
- •1 Using the information from the first three texts translate the following one from Russian into English.
- •Оптоволокно
- •U n I t 4
- •1 Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations:
- •2 Translate the following word-combinations into English:
- •Telephone exchanges
- •1 Answer the following questions:
- •2 Complete the following table: Main characteristics of the systems
- •3 Choose from part II the appropriate continuation of the sentences.
- •4 Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense.
- •5 Read the following paragraph. Fill in each blank with a suitable word given below.
- •6 Make up a summary of the text using the cliché:
- •Switching technologies
- •1 Integrated Digital Transmission and Switching
- •1 Complete the following table:
- •3 What are the advantages of using (large-scale) integrated circuits in an exchange?
- •4 Match the following terms with a suitable explanation:
- •5 Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •Public Data Networks
- •1 Answer the following questions:
- •2 Match the facilities with the appropriate description:
- •3 Discuss in what situations and for which user groups the above facilities would be useful.
- •1 Using the information from the first three texts translate the following one from English into Russian.
- •Digital switches
- •Оглавление
- •Английский язык
- •246653, Г. Гомель, ул. Кирова, 34.
- •Английский язык
- •246653, Г. Гомель, ул. Кирова, 34.
U n I t 4
SWITCHING
TOPICAL VOCABULARY
1 Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations:
Exchange – телефонная станция
switchboard – коммутатор
subscriber – абонент
step-by-step – пошаговый, ступенчатый
crossbar exchange – АТС координатной системы
plug board – коммутационная панель
wear-prone – склонный к износу
rigidity – жесткость
microchip – микросхема
data switching exchange (DSE) – оборудование коммутации каналов
data circuit – линия передачи данных
concentrator – устройство уплотнения
информации в сетях связи
local loop – местная линия связи
remote concentrator – телеконцентратор
trunk – магистральная линия связи
cross connection – поперечное соединение
multi-frequency – многочастотный
time slot – временной интервал
2 Translate the following word-combinations into English:
Цифровая АТС, аналоговая АТС, магистральная линия связи, декадно-шаговая АТС, коммутация каналов, уплотнение с временным разделением, коммутационная панель, интегральная схема, учрежденческая телефонная станция.
Text 1
Telephone exchanges
On March 10th 1876, in Boston USA, Alexander Graham Bell spoke the first recognizable words over what was certainly his most famous invention, the telephone.
It quickly became necessary to link up people using the new invention. This was done through the telephone exchange. In the first simple exchanges, all calls were handled manually by the operator. Using the switchboard in front of her, she plugged the line of the subscriber calling her into the line of the subscriber being asked for.
The idea of an automatic exchange was soon suggested. In 1892, three years after patenting his ideas, Almon B. Strowger saw his system installed at La Porte, Indiana. Strowger, an undertaker from Kansas City, found his business was becoming less and less profitable because the operator always connected calls intended for him to other undertakers.
Strowger's automatic exchange underwent several modifications over the next fifty years, but the principle has remained the same ever since. It is known as the 'step-by-step' system and there are still thousands of Strowger exchanges in service throughout the world today.
The next generation of exchanges was first developed in Sweden. Crossbar exchanges, as they are called, consist of a series of vertically and horizontally crossed bars. For the first time a common control system was used. This made crossbar exchanges cheaper than Strowger, for each selector could now carry up to ten calls. They were not as noisy as Strowger, either. These exchanges are electro-mechanically operated, using electromagnets.
In 1948, the invention of the transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories led to a revolution in electronics and to the creation of semi-electronic telephone exchanges.
The old mechanical and electromechanical exchanges have now begun to disappear, and since the 1970s they have started to be replaced by exchanges built around electronic components. The latest digital switching centers have several advantages over other types of exchange, for they provide: a substantial reduction in equipment cost; a large reduction in equipment size; shorter procurement times; shorter installation and commissioning times; greater reliability and reduced running costs; new services for the customer; and new facilities for the administration.
EXERCISES