- •6. Types of meaning
- •9) Polysemy as a language universal viewed synchronically.
- •10) Polysemy as a language universal viewed diachronically.
- •12. Semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups in the English language
- •13. Synonyms as a language universal. Classification of synonyms viewed synchronically.
- •15. Antonyms as a language universal. Types of antonyms in Ukr. And Eng. Languages.
- •16. Set-phrases and free-phrases in the English and Ukrainian languages: the problem of differentiation.
- •17. Valency. Grammatical and lexical valency.
- •23 Word formation and other ways of nomination in Modern English and Ukrainian.
- •Ways of nomination:
- •24 Morphemic analysis and its basic units.
- •25 Derivational analysis and its basic units.
- •26. Morphological way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: suffixation
- •27. Morphological way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: prefixation
- •28. Conversion as a purely English way of word-formation
- •29.Syntactic way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: compounding.
- •30. Compounds and free word-groups in the English and Ukrainian languages
- •31. Classification of compounds in the English and Ukrainian languages
- •35. Words of native origin in English. Semantic and stylistic characteristics of native words. Word-forming ability of native words.
- •36. Etymological survey of the English language: sources and types of borrowings. (По типам чет нихера не нашел).
- •37. Ways of borrowing and criteria of borrowings.
- •38 Assimilation of borrowings
- •40 Norman-French Borrowings
- •41 Ways of replenishment. Neologisms
- •42.Territorial variants of the English language
27. Morphological way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes.
Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the stem (e.g., write – rewrite, certain – uncertain, йти – перейти, читати – дочитати etc.), but they seldom affect the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word, they don’t change the part of speech of the word.
Prefixes may be classified on different principles. Diachronically distinction
is made between prefixes of native and foreign origin. Synchronically prefixes may be classified:
according to the class of words they preferably form.
as to the type of lexical-grammatical character of the base they are added to into: a) deverbal, e. g. rewrite, outstay, overdo, etc.; b) denominal, e.g. unbutton, detrain, ex-president, etc. and c) deadjectival, e.g. uneasy, biannual, etc.
semantically prefixes fall into mono- and polysemantic;
as to the generic denotational meaning there are different groups that are distinguished in linguistic literature:
a) negative prefixes, such as: un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-, e.g. unemployment, non-politician, incorrect, disadvantage, amoral.
b) reversative or privative prefixes, such as un-, de-, dis-, e.g. untie, decentralise, disconnect etc.
c) pejorative prefixes, such as mis-, mal-, pseudo-, e.g. miscalculate, maltreat, pseudoclassicism.
d) prefixes of time and order, such as fore-, pre-, post-, ex-, e.g. foretell, pre-war, post-classical, ex-president.
e) prefix of repetition re-, e.g. rebuild, re-write, etc;
f) locative prefixes, such as super-, sub-, inter-, trans-, e.g. superstructure, subway, inter-continental, trans-atlantic etc.
when viewed from the angle of their stylistic reference English prefixes may be classified into:
stylistically neutral (occur in all styles: over-, un-, pre-, dis-, sub- etc.)
stylistically colored (used only in particular style: pseudo-, contra-, anti-, super- etc.)
prefixes may be also classified as to the degree of productivity into highly-productive (can produce a great number of words), productive (still produce many words) and non-productive (don’t make new words).
28. Conversion as a purely English way of word-formation
Conversion is a highly productive way of word formation by means of phonetic identify of two words belonging to different part of speech, e.g., work – to work, love – to love, paper – to paper, brief – to brief, wireless – to wireless etc.
Synchronically it is of the great theoretical and practical importance to determine the semantic relations between words related through conversion.
There are following typical semantic relations:
Verbs converted from nouns (denominal verbs);
Nouns converted from verbs (deverbal nouns).
Denominal verbs.
The converted verb may denote:
Action characteristic of the object, e.g., ape – to ape (imitate in a foolish way), butcher – to butcher (kill animals for food, cut up a killed animal);
Instrumental use of the object, e.g., screw – to screw (fasten with a screw), whip – to whip (strike with a whip);
Acquisition or addition of the object, e.g., fish – to fish (catch or try to catch fish), coat (covering of paint) – to coat (put a coat of paint on);
Deprivation of the subject, e.g., dust – to dust (remove dust from something), skin – to skin (strip off the skin from), etc.
Deverbal nouns.
The converted noun may denote:
Instance of the action, e.g., to jump – jump (sudden spring from the ground), to move – move (a change of position);
Agent of the action, e.g., to help – help (a person who helps), to switch (make or break an electric circuit) – switch (a device for making or breaking an electric circuit);
Place of the action, e.g., to drive – drive (a path or road along which one drives), to walk – walk (a place for walking);
Object or result of the action, e.g. to peel – peel (the outer skin of fruit of potatoes taken off), to find – find (something found esp. something valuable), etc.
Substantivation of adjectives.
Substantivation of adjectives is conversion of adjectives into nouns.
Full substantivation: the adjective becomes the noun and possesses all its
categories, e.g., relative, a – relative, n; criminal, a – criminal, n.
Partial substantivation: the adjective has only some features of the noun.
E.g., the adjective may be used with the article the without any endings in the plural: old – the old, young – the young