- •6. Types of meaning
- •9) Polysemy as a language universal viewed synchronically.
- •10) Polysemy as a language universal viewed diachronically.
- •12. Semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups in the English language
- •13. Synonyms as a language universal. Classification of synonyms viewed synchronically.
- •15. Antonyms as a language universal. Types of antonyms in Ukr. And Eng. Languages.
- •16. Set-phrases and free-phrases in the English and Ukrainian languages: the problem of differentiation.
- •17. Valency. Grammatical and lexical valency.
- •23 Word formation and other ways of nomination in Modern English and Ukrainian.
- •Ways of nomination:
- •24 Morphemic analysis and its basic units.
- •25 Derivational analysis and its basic units.
- •26. Morphological way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: suffixation
- •27. Morphological way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: prefixation
- •28. Conversion as a purely English way of word-formation
- •29.Syntactic way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: compounding.
- •30. Compounds and free word-groups in the English and Ukrainian languages
- •31. Classification of compounds in the English and Ukrainian languages
- •35. Words of native origin in English. Semantic and stylistic characteristics of native words. Word-forming ability of native words.
- •36. Etymological survey of the English language: sources and types of borrowings. (По типам чет нихера не нашел).
- •37. Ways of borrowing and criteria of borrowings.
- •38 Assimilation of borrowings
- •40 Norman-French Borrowings
- •41 Ways of replenishment. Neologisms
- •42.Territorial variants of the English language
26. Morphological way of word-formation in the English and Ukrainian languages: suffixation
Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes.
Suffixes usually modify the lexical meaning of the base and transfer words to a, different part of speech. There are suffixes however, which do not shift words from one part of speech into another; a suffix of this kind usually transfers a word into a different semantic group, e.g. a concrete noun becomes an abstract one, as is the case with child — childhood, friend — friendship, etc.
Chains of suffixes occurring in derived words having two and more suffixal morphemes are sometimes referred to in lexicography as compound suffixes: -ably = -able + -ly (e.g. profitably, unreasonably); -ically = -ic + -al + -ly (e.g. musically, critically); -ation = -ate + -ion (e.g. fascination, isolation) and some others.
There are different classifications of suffixes in linguistic literature according to different principles:
1) The part-of-speech classification in which suffixes naturally fall into several groups such as:
a) noun-suffixes, i.e. those forming or occurring in nouns, e.g. -er, -dom, -ness, -ation, etc. (teacher, Londoner, freedom, brightness, justification, etc.);
b) adjective-suffixes, i.e. those forming or occurring in adjectives, e.g. -able, -less, -ful, -ic, -ous, etc. (agreeable, careless, doubtful, poetic, courageous, etc.);
c) verb-suffixes, i.e. those forming or occurring in verbs, e.g. -en, -fy, -ise (-ize) (darken, satisfy, harmonise, etc.);
d) adverb-suffixes, i.e. those forming or occurring in adverbs, e.g. -ly, -ward (quickly, eastward, etc.).
2) Suffixes may also be classified according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base the affix is usually added to:
a) deverbal suffixes (those added to the verbal base), e.g. -er, -ing, -ment, -able, etc. (speaker, reading, agreement, suitable, etc.);
b) denominal suffixes (those added to the noun base), e.g. -less, -ish, -ful, -ist, -some, etc. (handless, childish, mouthful, violinist, troublesome, etc.);
c) de-adjectival suffixes (those affixed to the adjective base), e.g. -en, -ly, -ish, -ness, etc. (blacken, slowly, reddish, brightness, etc.).
3) A classification of suffixes may also be based on the criterion of sense expressed by a set of suffixes. Proceeding from this principle suffixes are classified into various groups within the bounds of a certain part of speech. For instance, noun-suffixes fall into those denoting:
a) the agent of an action, e.g. -er, -ant (baker, dancer, defendant,
etc.);
b) appurtenance, e.g. -an, -ian, -ese, etc. (Arabian, Elizabethan,
Russian, Chinese, Japanese, etc.);
c) collectivity, e.g. -age, -dom, -ery (-ry), etc. (freightage, officialdom, peasantry, etc.);
d) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie, -let, -ling, etc. (birdie, girlie, cloudlet, squireling, wolfling, etc.).
4) Still another classification of suffixes may be worked out if one examines them from the angle of stylistic reference. Just like prefixes, suffixes are also characterised by quite a definite stylistic reference falling into two basic classes:
a) those characterised by neutral stylistic reference such as -able, -er, -ing, etc.;
b) those having a certain stylistic value such as -oid, -i/form, -aceous, -tron, etc.
Suffixes with neutral stylistic reference may occur in words of different lexico-stylistic layers e.g. agreeable, cf. steerable (steerable spaceship); dancer, cf. transmitter, squealer; meeting, cf. monitoring (the monitoring of digestive processes in the body), etc. As for suffixes of the second class they are restricted in use to quite definite lexico-stylistic layers of words, in particular to terms, e.g. rhomboid, asteroid, cruciform, cyclotron, synchrophasotron, etc.
5) Suffixes are also classified as to the degree of their productivity.