9) Polysemy as a language universal viewed synchronically.

Synchronically polysemy is the co-existence of various meanings of the same word at a certain historical period of the development of language There are different types of Lexical meaning as elements of a words semantic structure.

General – meaning occurs in various and different contexts, special meaning is observed in certain context e.g technical meaning of the word power or the 3rt meaning of the word земля

Central/minor – the meaning that first occurs to us when we here cluster of sounds. The most frequent meaning of the word is central. All other are minor in comparison.

Primary/secondary – This meaning is placed first in the dictionary. Secondary meaning is dependent on primary one.

Eg папір матеріал для письма (p) будь-який письмовий док. (s)

Direct – figurative – The direct meaning nominates the referent without the help of the context. The meaning is figurative when the object is named and characterized through its similarity with another object.

10) Polysemy as a language universal viewed diachronically.

Pol viewed diachronically when we observed a historical change in the semantic structure of the word. A word may retain its previous meaning and at the same time acquire new meanings. Two schemes in the development of polysemy – radiation, concatenation Radiation – is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meaning proceed out of it in every direction. Each of the secondary meaning is independent of all the rest. Eg – paper – scientific article, money, note, document. Concatenation – is the semantic process in which the meaning of the word moves gradually away from its first signification by successive shifts of meaning. Eg board – peace of timber, table, board of health

11.Homonyms in the English and Ukrainian languages. Classification and sources of homonyms.

H are two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and origin. lexical h – identical in sound, spelling, gram form ( belong to one part of speech) different in lexical meaning eg ball- round object used in games/ ball – a gathering of people for dancing

Lex-gram – different in lex. And gram meaning. Different parts of speech. Eg bear – animal/ bear – to carry smth

Gram – different in gram meaning/ different word forms of one word eg stopped past ind/ stopped – participle II classification according to sound form/graphic form/meaning Homonyms proper – identical in sound and graphic / different in meaning eg back – part of the body/ back – away from the front

Homophones – identical in sound/different in meaning,spelling eg sun сонце/ son син

Homographs – indentical in soelling/ different sound form, meaning

12. Semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups in the English language

Semantic fields are closely connected sectors of vocabulary characterized by the common concept (common semantic components) (e.g. Semantic field of color (blue, green, red, yellow); (Semantic field of pleasurable emotions (joy, happiness, enjoyment)

Components of semantic fields are not synonyms, because they may belong to different part of speech. (e.g. in the semantic field of space there are: nouns – surface, expanse; verbs – to extend, to spread; adj. – spacious, vast, etc.)

Lexico-semantic Groups(LSG)

LSG are groups of words belonging to the same part of speech and linked by a common concept (e.g. bread, Cheese, milk, meat) make up LSG with a concept of “food”

The components of LSG are called hyponyms(e.g. car, bus, taxi, etc.), they contain the components of m-ings that distinguish them from each other.

The LSG of vehicles is described by the general term “vehicle”, which is called hyperonym.

The relationship existing between hyponyms(elements of LSG) and hyperonym(generic term) is that of inclusion. (e.g. the m-ing of car, bus, taxi is included in the m-ing of “vehicle”; horse, tiger, monkey – “animal”).