33. Structural types of simple sentences (after r. Quirk et al).

two-member (SV) and one-member (S/V)

unextended ie consisting only of the primary parts

extended sentence ie consisting S V + secondary parts (O, A, Adverbial modifiers).

A one-member sentence is a sentence having only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate. If the main part of a one-member sentence is expressed by a noun, it is called nominal. The noun may be modified by attributes.

The simple sentence structural TYPES:

SV The child laughed

SVO Somebody caught the ball

SVA Mary is in the house

SVC Mary is kind

a nurse

SVOA I put the plate on the table

SVOC We have proved him wrong

a fool

SVOO She gives expensive presents

(by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Swartvik)

34. Ic method. Types of immediate constituents.

Immediate Constituents (ic) method (bloomfield’s term)

Formulated by Leonard Bloomfield, further developed by R. Wells, Z.Harris, Ch. Hockett, Noam Chomsky

IC-analysis divides up a sentence into major parts (IC), which are in turn divided into further IC The process continues until irreducible constituents are reached, i.e., until each constituent consists of only a word or a meaningful part of a word.

The end result of IC-analysis is presented in a diagrammatic form revealing the hierarchical immediate constituent structure of the sentence.

Irreducible IC: V – verb, N – noun, Adj. – adjective,

Det - determiner

Types of the noun phrase

NP: N – John, clouds

Det N – a house, a girl, these ideas, my sons

A N – nice guys, lovely weather

Det AN – an interesting book, this old car

Det N PP – the date of arrival, the teachers from France

Types of the verb phrase

VP: V speak, goes, understood

Aux V has spoken, is going, will understand

VNP: meet his friend, join him

VPP PP: assemble in the hall after lunch

Types of the prepositional phrase

PP:

P NP after lunch, in the local gallery

PS (finite / non-finite): after they had had lunch, after having lunch, before she left

Types of adjective phrase

AP

Deg A: rather talented [Deg rather [A talented]]

Deg A PP: quite independent of any considerations

35. Compound sentences. Types of connections ((a)syndetic)

A compound sentence consists of two or more clauses of equal rank which form one syntactical whole in meaning and intonation. Clauses that are parts of a compound sentence are called coordinate, as they are joined by coordination.

Coordinate clauses may be linked together with or without a connector; in the first case they are joined syndetically.

Yesterday I bought a penny fiddle

And put it to my chin to play,

But I found its strings painted,

So I threw my fiddle away.

in the second, case - asyndeticaily:

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,

Humpty Dumpty had a great fall;

All the king's horses, and all the king's men

Cannot put Humpty Dumpty together again.

Syndetic coordination is realized with a number of connectors - conjunctions, such as and, but, or, nor, for, etc., or with conjunctive adverbs, such as moreover, besides, however, yet, still, otherwise, therefore, etc. In writing coordinate clauses may be marked off by a comma, a semicolon, a colon or occasionally a dash. Sometimes they are not separated graphically at all. In speaking they are separated by pauses.