- •Varieties of grammars.
- •4)Pedagogical (traditional) grammar
- •6)Reference grammar
- •14.Categorial meaning of English adjectives. Their lexical / grammatical subclasses and morphemic structure.
- •20. Categorial meaning of English verbs, their lexical / grammatical subclasses and morphemic structure.
- •1) Actional -Denote the action of the active doer
- •2) Statal -Denote the action of the inactive experiencer
- •21. Morphological categories of English verbs.
- •22. Status of future tense in English.
- •23. Syntagmatic / paradigmatic relations. Types of paradigmatic relations.
- •24. Oppositions in grammar. Binary privative opposition.
- •25. Oppositional reduction, Oppositional substitution.
- •26. History of syntactic studies. Ancient times.
- •27. History of syntactic studies. Middle ages and XIX c.
- •28. Approaches to and achievements in syntactic studies in XX c.
- •29. The phrase. Structural classification of English phrases
- •Independent
- •30. The phrase. Structural classification of English phrases.
- •Verb Phrase
- •Infinitive Phrase
- •31. The definition of the sentence. Distinctive features of English sentences.
- •Classification by purpose
- •(B) classification by structure
- •33. Structural types of simple sentences (after r. Quirk et al).
- •34. Ic method. Types of immediate constituents.
- •Immediate Constituents (ic) method (bloomfield’s term)
- •35. Compound sentences. Types of connections ((a)syndetic)
- •36. Complex sentences. Noun clauses.
- •37. Complex sentences. Adjective clauses.
- •38. Complex sentences. Adverbial clauses.
- •39. Basic notions of pragmatics. Locution, illocution, perlocution. Types of addressees.
- •40. Speech acts classification (John Searle)
- •41. Speech acts classification (Pocheptsov g.G., Shevchenko I.S.)
- •42. Pragmatic transposition.
- •43. Text and discourse (approaches to distinguishing)
- •44.Seven principles of textuality (r de Beaugrande)
- •45. Grammatical cohesion of the text (m.A.K. Halliday, r.Hasan). Types of cohesive devices.
- •2) Ellipsis
- •3) Substitution
- •46. Lexical cohesion of the text (m.A.K. Halliday, r.Hasan).
- •47. Coherence :: cohesion of the text. Types of relations of coherence.
- •48. Spontaneous and induced discourse.
- •49. Discourse analysis as a social research method.
- •50. Levels of sociological discourse analysis.
- •51. Textual discourse analysis. Discourse as object.
- •52. Content as a level of discourse analysis.
- •53. Contextual discourse analysis.
- •54. Interpretation as discourse analysis.
- •55. Semiotic (structural and formal) as a level of textual discourse analysis.
- •56. Frame discourse analysis.
- •57. Conversation discourse analysis.
- •58. Sociological interpretation of discourse.
- •59. Discourse as social information.
43. Text and discourse (approaches to distinguishing)
Latin ‘textus’ derived from ‘texo’ ‘to weave, to build’
Used figuratively to mean ‘style, syllable, connection, coherent statement’
Text is predominantly orderly, formally regulated
Is static, the reader follows the author’s flow of thought without the possibility to intrude
Text is stated in a written form
Discursus – derived from discurro ‘to run in different directions, to spread about, to fall apart’
Used figuratively to mean ‘to tell’
Discourse – is speech, with concrete visible, detectable, understandable people, participating in dialogue
Is predominantly oral (is followed by notions like ‘speaker’, ‘hearer’, ‘to tell’, ‘conversation’).
Can be written as well – newspaper discussion, news in mass media
Is predominantly spontaneous; like speech discourse is dynamic. Utterance provokes a chain of questions, answers, comments.
44.Seven principles of textuality (r de Beaugrande)
1. COHESION - the connections among linguistic forms like words or word-endings
2. COHERENCE - those among the ‘meanings’ or ‘concepts’
3. INTENTIONALITY - covers what speakers intend
4. ACCEPTABILITY - what hearers engage to do;
5. INFORMATIVITY concerns how new or unexpected the content is;
6. SITUATIONALITY concerns ongoing circumstances of the
interaction;
7. INTERTEXTUALITY covers relations with other texts, particularly ones from the same or a similar ‘text type’.
45. Grammatical cohesion of the text (m.A.K. Halliday, r.Hasan). Types of cohesive devices.
. Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence; i.e. the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence.
Two main types of cohesion: grammatical, referring to the structural content, and lexical, referring to the language content of the piece.
M.A.K. Halliday & Ruqaiya Hasan five categories of cohesive devices creating coherence:
1) reference, 2) ellipsis,
3) substitution, 4) lexical cohesion and 5) conjunction.
Referential devices that create cohesion (M.A.K. Halliday, R. Hasan)
Anaphoric reference occurs when the writer refers back to someone or something that has been previously identified, to avoid repetition.
Cataphoric is a reference forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified.
2) Ellipsis
happens when, after a more specific mention, words are omitted when the phrase needs to be repeated.
A conversational example:
(A) What are you doing tonight?
(B) Nothing special (i.e. I am doing nothing special tonight)
3) Substitution
A word is not omitted, as in ellipsis, but is substituted for another, more general word.
E.g. "Which dress would you put on?" – "I would put on the red one" where "one" is used instead of repeating “dress" This works in a similar way to pronouns, which replace the noun.
The three types of substitution
Nominal : one, ones, same
E.g: I’ll take this one.
Verbal : do
E.g: He writes poems, he really does
Clausal : so, not
Eg: It’s going to rain. I think so.
4) Lexical cohesion is a linguistic device which helps to create unity of text and discourse.
In contrast to grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion “[…] is the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary.” (Halliday 1994). Thus, a speaker or writer’s either conscious or unconscious selection of certain lexical items that are in some way connected to each other creates lexical cohesion.
Lexical cohesion includes:
1) repetition,
2) synonymy a) antonymy, b) hyponymy
3) collocation
Grammatical cohesion
The logical and structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics.
NB! Grammatical and lexical cohesion overlap
The conjunction is the border line between the two types