- •Varieties of grammars.
- •4)Pedagogical (traditional) grammar
- •6)Reference grammar
- •14.Categorial meaning of English adjectives. Their lexical / grammatical subclasses and morphemic structure.
- •20. Categorial meaning of English verbs, their lexical / grammatical subclasses and morphemic structure.
- •1) Actional -Denote the action of the active doer
- •2) Statal -Denote the action of the inactive experiencer
- •21. Morphological categories of English verbs.
- •22. Status of future tense in English.
- •23. Syntagmatic / paradigmatic relations. Types of paradigmatic relations.
- •24. Oppositions in grammar. Binary privative opposition.
- •25. Oppositional reduction, Oppositional substitution.
- •26. History of syntactic studies. Ancient times.
- •27. History of syntactic studies. Middle ages and XIX c.
- •28. Approaches to and achievements in syntactic studies in XX c.
- •29. The phrase. Structural classification of English phrases
- •Independent
- •30. The phrase. Structural classification of English phrases.
- •Verb Phrase
- •Infinitive Phrase
- •31. The definition of the sentence. Distinctive features of English sentences.
- •Classification by purpose
- •(B) classification by structure
- •33. Structural types of simple sentences (after r. Quirk et al).
- •34. Ic method. Types of immediate constituents.
- •Immediate Constituents (ic) method (bloomfield’s term)
- •35. Compound sentences. Types of connections ((a)syndetic)
- •36. Complex sentences. Noun clauses.
- •37. Complex sentences. Adjective clauses.
- •38. Complex sentences. Adverbial clauses.
- •39. Basic notions of pragmatics. Locution, illocution, perlocution. Types of addressees.
- •40. Speech acts classification (John Searle)
- •41. Speech acts classification (Pocheptsov g.G., Shevchenko I.S.)
- •42. Pragmatic transposition.
- •43. Text and discourse (approaches to distinguishing)
- •44.Seven principles of textuality (r de Beaugrande)
- •45. Grammatical cohesion of the text (m.A.K. Halliday, r.Hasan). Types of cohesive devices.
- •2) Ellipsis
- •3) Substitution
- •46. Lexical cohesion of the text (m.A.K. Halliday, r.Hasan).
- •47. Coherence :: cohesion of the text. Types of relations of coherence.
- •48. Spontaneous and induced discourse.
- •49. Discourse analysis as a social research method.
- •50. Levels of sociological discourse analysis.
- •51. Textual discourse analysis. Discourse as object.
- •52. Content as a level of discourse analysis.
- •53. Contextual discourse analysis.
- •54. Interpretation as discourse analysis.
- •55. Semiotic (structural and formal) as a level of textual discourse analysis.
- •56. Frame discourse analysis.
- •57. Conversation discourse analysis.
- •58. Sociological interpretation of discourse.
- •59. Discourse as social information.
Classification by purpose
(i) Declarative Sentence
Def: A declarative sentence makes assertion or states an idea without expecting a reply.
(ii) Imperative Sentence
Def: An imperative sentence gives a command, makes a request or expresses a piece of advice.
(iii) Interrogative Sentence
Def: An interrogative sentence asks a question and is always followed by a question mark.
(iv) Negative Sentence
Def: A negative sentence is used to negate something.
(v) Exclamatory Sentence
Def: An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings of joy, sorrow and wonder.
(vi) Optative Sentence
Def: An optative sentence is used to pray or wish.
(B) classification by structure
According to structure we may classify sentences into four kinds, simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.
(i) Simple Sentence
Def: A simple sentence has one independent clause and no subordinate clause and it has only one subject and one verb.
(ii) Compound Sentence
Def: A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses but no subordinate clause.
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
(iii) Complex Sentence
Def: A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one subordinate clause.
A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although,or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
(iv) Compound-Complex / Multiple Sentence
Def: A compound complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. It is also called multiple sentences.
Your sentences reflect your purpose as a speaker or a writer. According to their purpose, sentences may be classified as declarative, imperative, interrogative, negative, exclamatory and optative.
32. Structural classification of English sentences.
Purpose of utterance: declarative,
interrogative, imperative
Sentences can be divided into four classes from structural point of view as,
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex (or Double Sentences)
1. Simple Sentence. A simple Sentence has only one Subject and one Predicate. It has only one Finite Verb; as,
(i) She went to market.
(ii) I shall attend the function.
(iii) The students have done their homework.
(iv) The sun sets in the west.
(v) Man is a social animal. (vi) Brevity is the soul of wit.
2. Compound Sentence. A compound sentence consists of two or more Co-ordinate clauses; as,
(i) I was tired and I rested.
(ii) I went to market and purchased a television.
(i) You tried hard but could not succeed.
(ii) We went to Lahore and visited Badshahi Mosque.
Note. All the clauses of a compound sentence are of the equal rank.
Sometimes the subject is omitted in the second coordinate clause as in sentences (ii) (iii) and (iv) above.
3. Complex sentence. A complex sentence consists of one Main clause and one or more Subordinate clause; as,
(i) I don’t know where he lives.
(ii) She went abroad after she had completed her graduation.
(iii) If you work hard you will pass.
(iv) He rested when he was tired.
Subordinate Clauses
Note. A complex sentence may have any or all the subordinate clauses, besides having one Principal or Main clause.