Metod_англ.мова_

Instruments for temperature measurements are many and varied, widely differing in range, type of transducer, presence (oar otherwise) of contact between the temperature transducer and the object under test. In terms of the last mentioned difference, all instruments for temperature measurements may be classed into the contact type and the non-contact type.

Non-contact instruments are used in cases where the temperature of interest is in excess of 25000 C, or when contact between the transducer and the test object can be maintained with difficulty, if at all (such as in the case of a distant or moving object, a hostile environment, and the like), or when the placement of temperature transducer in the temperature field of the object under test might distort the field an lead to false results.

5

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Grammar: Tense forms in Active. Participles (Review).

I Read the text and make the written translation of it.

Principles of design

Whether designers are developing a collection of dresses or suits, footwear or jewelry, or fashions for the home, they must be properly schooled in the principles of design. To capture the eye of the observer, the product must be properly executed in terms of harmony, balance, emphasis, proportion, and rhythm. Each design must effectively use these principles to create a successful product.

Clothes that flatter you will be harmonious. Harmony means that all the elements or parts of a garment work together to create a pleasing whole. The garment and your body form a harmonious relationship when a garment is especially well-suited to you.

Several elements go together to create a harmonious look. These are balance, proportion, emphasis, and rhythm.

Balance is the way that the parts of one space in a garment relate to the parts of another space. If two spaces are divided equally, they create a centered, or symmetrical, balance. A space that is divided unevenly creates an asymmetrical balance. Both can be pleasing to the eye.

Proportion also has to do with the way that the spaces of a garment relate to each other. When all the parts work well together, the garment is well-proportioned. If the parts do not work well together, the garment is out of proportion. When one space overpowers another, the spaces are out of proportion. Proportion is very much tied to individual body size and shape. A large belt that would look fine on a tall person might look all out of proportion on a small person. Even a great mass of hair, when someone

has a small face or body, may ruin proportion. An understanding of proportion is especially important when choosing accessories. The size and shape of belts, ties, shoes, boots, hats, and purses or briefcases influence proportion. The width of a tie or the length of an earring all influence proportion.

Emphasis occurs when a focus or special point is created within a space. Many successful outfits have a focus. Emphasis can be created through the use of lines, color, and accessories. Usually, one emphasis is better than two or three. One is less confusing and more pleasing to the eye. You can use a focus to attract attention to a certain point in a garment. A lace collar or a brightly coloured tie are both focal points that create interest. Emphasis can also be used to play up a part of your body. If you have large hips, a tie blouse or a scarf at your neckline will move the emphasis up and away from your hips.

Rhythm is the last major element that contributes to a harmonious look. It refers to the flow of the garment's lines, shapes, and spaces. The eye favours smooth lines. No one looks good in jangled or jerky lines. The rhythm of an outfit is destroyed. Sometimes rhythm is created by using similar lines and shapes. When the rounded edge of a jacket is worn with the rounded edge of a blouse neckline, a sense of rhythm is created. Plaids that match help to create rhythm. Not wearing stripes and curves together is another way to create rhythm.

All of these elements are important factors in creating harmonious designs. Harmony also means that colors work with each other and with the design of the garment. It means that your hair is the best shape for your face, that your glasses and other accessories are right for your size and shape. Harmony is learning how to pull all the parts of your clothing package together to suit you.

II. Answer the following questions:

1.What does harmony mean?

2.What are the main design principles used to create harmony?

3.What is balance?

4.When is understanding of proportion especially important?

5.What is learning how to pull all the parts of your clothing package together?

II Match the following words and word-combinations. Learn them by heart.

9. Once a designer … the design and he or she goes back to the drawing board to draw

VI Give the summary of the text and be ready to speak on the topic.

How designers work

Designers and design stylists use everything they see as fuel for design ideas. They read fashion magazines and go to fashion shows. Many designers travel to Paris

and New York several times a year to see the design shows of custom-made clothes. They attend shows of ready-to-wear clothes in the United States and Europe. They go to trade shows so they can talk to salespeople and store owners to find out what people all over the world are wearing.

Many external influences work on the minds of designers and design stylists. For example, a movie or an art show may give them ideas.

Designers often draw on another period of fashion to create new clothes. You have probably noticed that fashion magazines and fashion pages in newspapers often call the very latest fashion the “Sixties Look” or the “Seventies Look” or the “Eighties Look”. These fashions are named for decades or historical periods. Even when designers and stylists borrow from other periods, they add new ideas. They adapt, or change, the designs so they will work today.

When designers or stylists get an idea, it is usually sketched. Designers may sketch several ideas for one garment before developing a design they like. They may come up with two or three good sketches for one garment and ask co-workers to help make a final decision. Once a design has been chosen, the designer or design stylist goes back to the drawing board. The design must now be drawn in detail.

The sample makers, another group of skilled workers in the garment industry, make up a sample of the design. This is a crucial stage. The designer or stylist looks over the sample garment very carefully. He or she checks all the design proportions and all the design details. If some minor detail does not work, it must be changed. This happens fairly often. If something major does not work, this may call for a new sample garment. At this stage, the garment is put on a mannequin and checked carefully. The garment is also worn by a live model. The live model helps the designer see how the garment moves.

Designers often start a fashion by creating a new clothes style. The designer will check the finished garment for fit and movement, as well as for fashion appeal.

5

: )

Grammar: Tense forms in Active. Participles (Review).

I Read the text and make the written translation of it.

The language of clothes

Clothes communicate. Each outfit you wear creates a visual image that says something about you. The basic terms used in clothing communication are colour, line, texture, proportion, and balance.

The first thing most people notice when they look at you is the colour or colours. Colour is powerful, and it says a lot about you. It can flatter your skin colouring and improve your appearance. Colour can reflect or alter a mood.

Colour can also create illusions; it can affect the way people see things. Using colour in certain ways can make you look larger or smaller than you actually are. Cool blues, greens, and violets make things look smaller than they are. Warm reds, oranges, and yellows make things look larger than they are. Brightness or dullness can also make sizes appear to change. Bright colours make objects look larger than they are, and dull colours make objects appear smaller than they are.

Line is the second important aspect about clothes. Our eyes travel up and down vertical lines. Therefore vertical lines tend to make things look longer than they actually are. Horizontal lines usually add width, but this depends on how wide the lines are. Wide lines spaced far apart make a figure look larger than it is. Skinny lines close together make the figure seem smaller. Certain kinds of lines may even say things about personality. Curved lines suggest charm or grace. Straight lines suggest boldness and power. A sharp diagonal line might say, "I'm feeling very confident about myself."

The texture of clothes is also very important. Texture is the look and feel of fabric, which results from the way the material is made. A bulky-knit woolen sweater does not feel like a cotton denim jacket or a silk scarf. Texture can create illusions about size just as colour and line can. If you have a slim upper body and a large abdomen, you can balance these characteristics by wearing a rough, thick-textured sweater or vest. Sleek, shiny fabrics tend to make figures look larger than they are.

Print is an aspect of clothing texture. Prints range from paisleys and florals to border prints and all kinds of imaginative designs. Look at prints carefully to see how they will affect your appearance. Scale is important, too. Large designs can overwhelm a small person, and a miniature floral design may not be appropriate for a big person.

Proportion and balance are two important elements in dress. They make everything else work together. In this instance, proportion refers to space relationships of parts of the garment, that is the way the inner lines are arranged. Balance is the look achieved when there is equal interest on both sides of the garment. This is not a necessity, however. Sometimes a garment is more interesting to look at when it is not so obviously balanced in the traditional sense. The buttons on a shirt or blouse may be purposely placed off-center. Depending on the other lines of the garment, it may be in balance.

A final thing to consider in thinking about the messages clothes send is taking care of your clothes. There is no point to wearing a lovely and perhaps expensive outfit if it needs ironing. Unironed clothes and unpolished shoes say a lot about what you think of yourself. Taking care of your clothes is just as important as making the right selection.

Learn to care for clothes properly, and it will be easy to get your special clothing messages across to others.

II Answer the following questions:

1. What are the basic terms that used in clothing communication?

2.Why is colour so important?

3.What are the second important aspect about clothes?

4.What is the look and feel of fabric?

5.How do other elements of the language of clothes work?

III. Match the following words and word-combinations. Learn them by heart.

IV Choose the right form and translate the sentences.

1. The basic terms … in clothing communication are colour, line, texture,

3.… colour in certain ways you can make objects look larger or smaller than you actually are.

9.She purposely … off-center the buttons on her shirt and it became more interesting to look at.

V Match each word-combination and its definition.

VI Give the summary of the text and be ready to speak on the topic.

Design. Nature of the work.

Designers are people with a desire to create. They combine practical knowledge with artistic ability to turn abstract ideas into formal designs for the merchandise we buy, the clothes we wear, the Web sites we use, the publications we read, and the living and office space we inhabit. Designers usually specialize in a particular area of design, such as automobiles, industrial or medical equipment, home appliances, clothing and textiles, floral arrangements, publications, Web sites, logos, signage, movie or TV credits, interiors of homes or office buildings, merchandise displays, or movie, television, and theater sets.

The first step in developing a new design or altering an existing one is to determine the needs of the client, the ultimate function for which the design is intended, and its appeal to customers or users. When creating a design, designers often begin by researching the desired design characteristics, such as size, shape, weight, colour, materials used, cost, ease of use, fit, and safety.

Designers then prepare sketches or diagrams—by hand or with the aid of a computer—to illustrate the vision for the design. After consulting with the client, a creative director, or a product development team, designers create detailed designs, using drawings, a structural model, computer simulations, or a full-scale prototype. Many designers use computer-aided design (CAD) tools to create and better visualize the final product. Computer models allow ease and flexibility in exploring a greater number of design alternatives, thus reducing design costs and cutting the time it takes to deliver a product to market. Industrial designers use computer-aided industrial design (CAID) tools to create designs and machine-readable instructions that communicate with automated production tools.

Designers sometimes supervise assistants who carry out their creations. Designers who run their own businesses also may devote a considerable amount of time to developing new business contacts, examining equipment and space needs, and performing administrative tasks, such as reviewing catalogues and ordering samples. The need for up-to-date computer and communications equipment is an ongoing consideration for many designers, especially those in industrial and graphic design.

6

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Grammar: Tense forms in Passive. Modal verbs (Review).

I Read the text and make the written translation of it.

The art of arranging the hair

Hairdressing is the art of arranging the hair or otherwise modifying its natural state. Closely related to headgear, hairdressing has been an important part of the dress of both men and women since antiquity and, like dress, serves a number of functions.

Almost all societies have found it necessary to cut or confine the hair in order. They further arranged their hair to fulfill man's basic desire for personal adornment, which may vary in form from the ornately curled, blond wigs of Roman matrons to the sleek heads of flappers in the 1920's. One extremely important function of hair styling, especially in traditional pre-industrial societies, is to indicate status .Primitive men, for example, fastened bones, feathers and other objects in their hair to impress the lowly and frighten the enemy with their rank and prowess. Noble rank among the ancient Gauls was indicated by long hair, which Caesar made them-cut off as a sign of submission when he conquered them. A British barrister is exemplified by the gray wig and a Japanese geisha by the lacquered, black wig.

The religious significance of hair is seen in the shaved heads of Christian and Buddhist monks, indicating renunciation of the world, and in the single long lock on the shaved heads of Muslim men, by which, they believed, Allah would pull them up to heaven, In 17th century England the Royalist Anglican Cavaliers were professed by the long curling locks and the Parliamentarian Puritan Roundheads by the cropped hair.

Hair arrangement could also proclaim age and marital status. Boys in ancient Greece cut their hair, and Hindu boys shaved their heads when they reached adolescence. In medieval Europe maidens wore uncovered flowing hair, while matrons bound theirs under veils. As a sign of mourning the ancient Egyptians, whose heads were usually shaven, grew long hair, and long haired Hindu widows cut off their hair.

In the 17th century, for example, courtiers followed the lead of the balding Louis XIV, who wore a wig. In the 20th century women of all classes eagerly followed the example of film stars with such styles as the platinum hair of Jean Harlow.

Until the 20th century, fashionable hair styles generally were limited to the upper classes, and the dictates of fashion were relatively rigid. To-day, with the general increase in wealth, the improvement in mass communication; and the trend toward informality and individualism, women (and men) in all classes can choose the style and color of their own hair, or of a wig, that best suit their needs and tastes.

II Answer the following questions:

1. What is hairdressing?

2.When did people understand the important role of hairdressing?

3.What are the important functions of hair styling?

4.What have hair styles been influenced by?

5.What can you tell about hairstyles today?

III Match the following words and word-combinations. Learn them by heart.

V Complete the sentences.

1. ... serves a number of functions.

2. ... man's basic desire for personal adornment.

3. As a sign of mourning ....

4. ... followed the example of film stars ....

5. ... were limited to the upper classes ....

VI Give the summary of the text and be ready to speak on the topic.

Cosmetics

Cosmetics are preparations externally applied to change or enhance the beauty of skin, hair, nails, lips, eyes. The use of body paint for ornamental and religious purposes has been common among primitive peoples from prehistoric times.

Ointments, balms, powders and hair dyes have been used from ancient times. Many cosmetics originated in the Orient, but their ingredients and use were first recorded in Egypt. The Egyptians used kohl to darken their eyes, a crude paint was used on the face, and fingers were often dyed with henna.

Greek women used charcoal pencils, rouge and coated their faces with powder, which often contained dangerous lead compound.

Beauty aids a peak in imperial Rome and ladies required the services of slaves adept in their use.

Women in ancient Rome used cosmetics too. They used Egyptian kohl, for darkening the eyelids, powdered chalk for whitening the skin, and a red colouring matter for cheeks. A rich Roman lady spent many hours over her toilet, helped by a crowd of young slaves of many nationalities. The Roman poet Ovid wrote a book on cosmetics, and gave a recipe for what we now call a face-pack, made from flour, eggs and other materials. 'The use of this", he says "will make the face smoother and brighter than a mirror".

In England it was the custom, during the seventeenth and eighteen centuries, for all ladies of fashion to paint their faces and to blacken their eyebrows.

From the seventeenth century recipes and books on the toilette abounded. Professional cosmetologists began to appear, and luxurious prescriptions often included a bath in wine or milk. At its height by 1760, the use of cosmetics virtually disappeared with the advent of the French Revolution.

In the nineteenth century there was a change of taste, however, and until about the end of the century, ladies who used make-up were not accepted in high society. Girls were advised, just before entering the ball-room, to bite and lick their face,

The year 1900 saw a revival of their use, accompanied by the manufacture of beauty aids on tremendous proportions with products manufactured for every conceivable use.

Today the use of cosmetics is accepted everywhere, and it is common to see women and girls making up in public. The cosmetics industry is one of the largest in many countries, and large sums of money go to the owners of beauty saloons.