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I Read the text and translate it in writing.

Basic clothes

Very often a person has a wardrobe full of clothes and “nothing to wear”. It means you should change something in your wardrobe and think of the right outfits for every occasion.

Never buy any new clothes before going through your existing wardrobe to see whether you need them or not. First of all, your wardrobe ought to contain certain essentials or basic items. They include coats: heavy-weight, light-weight, rain-coat; dresses: casual dresses, evening dresses; suit: pants suit, skirt suit; shirts or blouses: longsleeved, short-sleeved; a pullover and a cardigan. Your wardrobe should also include some skirts in different colours and some kinds of pants: classic and jeans.

When you buy your clothes, go in for simple, well-cut suits and dresses that will look “right” for almost any occasion. Concentrate on styles that are not expensive but elegant. A winter coat is a basic need and it may be an expensive item, because it should be wearable for several seasons. Choose a cosy-looking coat in any material that suits you.

A well-cut suit is another essential. If its lines are plain, it won’t go out of fashion for several years. You can prolong its life by having an extra skirt because jackets always outlast skirts.

An extra dress is perennial “must” with women. The short evening dress is much better than the long one. The lines that don’t date are the simple ones.

With colour you can experiment as you like nowadays. Remember that the warm coloursred, yellow, orangemake a figure appear larger. Cool blue and green make it look smaller. The light colours increase size. Dark shades decrease size.

Accessories can be worn with basic garments to introduce other ideas. Bags, purses, gloves, shoes, scarves, umbrellas and all types of jewelry can do much to make your look stylish and beautiful. Accessories should be balanced. Many women are more likely to avoid accessories than to go too far. However, this is your opportunity to be creative and take a risk.

It is up to you to decide how you want to look and what to wear. Knowing that your wardrobe is adequate for any situation increases self-confidence and enjoyment of each day’s activities. Remember that the clothes in which you feel happy are always the most successful clothes.

II Answer the questions.

1.What are basic items?

2.What basic items do you have in your wardrobe?

3.Do you always have the right outfit for each occasion?

4.How can you prolong a suit’s life?

5.How does the light colour influence your appearance?

6.What clothes are the most successful?

IV Math each noun and its definition. Make up sentences using the correct form of the verb to be. Follow the example: A garment is an article of clothing.

V Use the required form of the Verb and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. These days a classic leather jacket …. in fashion today.

a) is b) was c) are

2. According to archaeologists, the earliest clothing probably …. of leather, fur, leaves and grass.

8. If the figure is short and plump, heavy, coarse and shiny fabrics must …. a) avoid b) avoiding c) be avoided

9. For centuries women ….. to make their wedding dress special, to suit the festive occasion.

a) has tried b) have tried c) tried 10. Never buy any new clothes before going through your …. wardrobe . a) exist b) existing c) existed

VI Write a summary of the text. Be ready to render it.

Social and protective functions of clothes

Clothing protects the human body from extremes of weather and other features of the environment. It is worn for safety, comfort, modesty and to reflect religious, cultural and social meaning. Human beings are the only creatures known to wear clothing voluntarily.

In many societies, people of high rank reserve special items of clothing or decoration for themselves as symbols of their social status. In ancient times, only Roman senators could wear garments dyed with purple. In India lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China before the establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. In many cases throughout history, there have been elaborate systems laws regulating who could wear what. In other societies (including most modern societies), no laws prohibit lower-status people wearing high status garments, but the high cost of status garments effectively limits purchase and display. In current Western society, only the rich can afford haute couture.

The practical function of clothing is to protect the human body from dangers in the environment: weather (strong sunlight, extreme heat or cold), insects, noxious chemicals, weapons. Clothing can protect against many things that might injure the naked human body. People need protection from the weather. Fur clothes worn by Laplanders protect them from extreme cold. In some desert areas people wear loose robes to protect themselves from heat. These robes keep the dry, hot air away from the body. Sometimes people only need to protect themselves in certain situations (raincoats and boots protect from bad weather, hard hats protect workers who must work around construction, bullet-proof vests are worn by policemen to protect them while they work.) If you plan to go for a walk in the forest, you should be dressed to protect yourself from insects and thorns.

Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in designing protective equipment. See, among others: air conditioned clothing, diving suit, swimsuit, bee-keeper's costume, motorcycle leathers, and other protective clothing.

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I Read the text and translate it in writing.

Accessories

Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses, bags, scarves, gloves and umbrellas) are normally counted as fashion accessories rather than clothing. Jewelry and eyeglasses are usually counted as accessories as well.

Accessories should be balanced. Many women are more likely to avoid accessories than to go too far. However, this is your opportunity to be creative and take a risk. Have the courage to try a new look.

You can assemble a complete outfit for each occasion with help of basic garments and accessories. Basic garments such as skirts, trousers, jackets, shirts can be changed round to give totally different effect. Accessories can be worn with basic garments to introduce other ideas.

Shoes. Shoes should generally be in a neutral colour that matches the colour of your skirt or pants. In the summertime or in a warm climate, you may wear light or white shoes. Bright shoe colours must be repeated somewhere else on your body, preferably near your face. If you wear red shoes with a blue outfit, for example, wear a red scarf.

Bags. For everyday wear, you can have one basic handbag for wintertime and one for summer. Your bag should be in a neutral, either the same colour as your shoes or lighter. It does not have to match the shoe perfectly. In general, it is better to have dark colours at the bottom (shoes) and lighter or brighter colours as you move up your body (bags, scarves).

Remember to keep your personality in mind when choosing bags and shoes. Both the size and style should suit you.

Scarves. A scarf is a favorite accessory of many women. A scarf can add infinite variety to your wardrobe. A basic silk dress can go from morning to cocktails simply by clever scarf accessorizing. A scarf can be draped in a thousand ways, and anything you invent goes if you wear it with confidence.

Hats. Hats go in and out of fashion, and they're fun, if you are comfortable wearing them. When you try on a hat, stand in front of a full-length mirror; don't sit behind a table. Only then you can see its proportion in relation to your height and size.

A hat can increase or decrease the apparent size of your head. A tall woman can wear a larger hat than a short one.

II Answer the questions.

1.What basic items do you have in your wardrobe?

2.What is the function of accessories?

3.Why a scarf is a favourite accessory of many women?

4.What do you have to do to be well dressed?

5.How can you assemble a complete outfit for each occasion?

6.What accessories do you usually use?

III Match the words and learn them.

IV Math each noun and its definition. Make up sentences using the correct form of the verb to be. Follow the example: A garment is an article of clothing.

V Use the required form of the Verb and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

10. Costume history …. as a sourse of inspiration to current fashion designers. a) serve b) serves c) served

VI Write a summary of the text. Be ready to render it. People wear clothes for similar reasons

People throughout history and across different cultures have always worn clothes for similar reasons. Clothes are worn for protection. Clothes are also worn for modesty. Sometimes they are worn for decoration. Social scientists have many theories for why people wear clothes i.e. clothes offer protection from the environment or psychological protection, they show modesty, offer adornment and comfort.

Clothes can give the wearer psychological protection. This happens when people believe or think that items of clothing have special or magical properties. Have you ever had a shirt or other article of dress that brought you good luck. In some cultures, special necklaces or other pieces of jewelry or clothes are worn for this kind of protection.

In some societies, people wear clothes for modesty. Clothes worn for this often carry the idea that an unclothed body is shameful. The parts of the body that are considered shameful vary from culture to culture.

People of all cultures take an interest in adornment. They use things to decorate or beautify their bodies. They wear clothes to make themselves look better to others and to express their individuality and creative sense. Body decoration takes many forms in different cultures. Bodies are painted, pierced and tattooed. Adornment can also tell many things about its wearer. It can show wealth, rank, status, occupation, family ties and power.

This is one more reason why people wear clothes. Many people think first about comfort when they buy clothes. Comfort has become one of the major reasons that people dress the way they do.

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Read the text and translate it in writing.

Fabrics

Natural fabrics. These fabrics are chiefly Cotton, Linen, Silk, Wool. Cotton and Linen come from plants. Silk is the fine thread made by a silk-worm. Wool is the softcoat of a sheep.

Cotton is the cheapest of these fabrics, and it is used by people in almost every country in the world. The surface of the cotton fabric has very fine hairs all over it. These can only be seen if it is held up to the light. Cotton fabric is often white, but to

make it pretty it is often coloured, either all over or in a pattern. It is usually better to wear coloured materials, for colour helps to make people feel happy.

Linen looks like cotton, but it is stronger, firmer and often heavier. The threads are very smooth and round. No fine hairs can be seen on the surface. Linen is cooler to wear and more expensive than cotton. It can be used for clothing such as dresses or men’s coats, but it is more often used for such articles as tablecloths.

Silk is a beautiful fabric. It is soft and shiny. The threads of silk are so fine that it is hard to see each one separately. Silk is expensive fabric. It is cool to wear and looks very beautiful.

Wool is the best material to wear, for it is the warmest. Wool is very soft and springy. The surface of the fabric is covered with very fine hairs. Wool is also much thicker and heavier than cotton, so that it keeps out the cold. But it is not so easy to wash as cotton. When it is washed badly, the springiness is lost and the wool is then hard and uncomfortable to wear.

Man-made fabrics. For thousands of years people used natural fibres. Then people learned to make fibres themselves.

Cellulose fibres. Scientists wanted to find a fibre that would look and act like silk. Their study resulted in the production of a fibre called rayon. Most rayon and acetate fabrics are made from wood pulp. Rayon dyes well and, if treated chemically, it does not wrinkle much.

Non-cellulose fibres are made entirely by chemical processes. Nylon was the first noncellulose fibre. It is made from chemicals and petroleum products. Today, nylon has almost as many uses as cotton has. It is wrinkle-resistened, does not shrink and repels water.

Nylon is used for rainwear, camping clothes and equipment, parachutes. But it is not comfortable to wear in hot weather.

Blended fibres.

Chemical processes are also used to combine two or more fibres into one fabric. Since cotton has a tendency to wrinkle, combining it with a nonwrinkling fibre reduces this tendency. Cotton for example, is often combined with polyester. It makes a fabric that looks like cotton and is cool to wear like cotton. But, like polyester, this fabric does not wrinkle easily. Fibers combined in this way are called blends. Blended fibres and fabrics can take advantage of each fibres' good qualities.

Answer the questions:

1.What natural fibres do you know?

2.What are main properties of linen?

3.What are the main characteristics of silk?

4.What are the main man-made fibres?

5.How do man-made fibres differ from natural fibres?

6.What are blends? Describe their advantages?

IV Math each noun and its definition. Make up sentences using the correct form of the verb to be. Follow the example: A garment is an article of clothing.

V Use the required form of the Infinitive and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Jeans fabric …. widely since the sixteenth century for working clothes due to its hard

4. Since 1950 overcoats have been shorter and with the increasing use of the motor car …. less, being replaced by the car coat.