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Grammar: Tense forms in Passive. Modal verbs (Review).

I Read the text and make the written translation of it.

Modern hairdressing procedure

The most important qualities for hair are that it be healthy, shining, and in a flattering, easy-to-manage style. Many fashion magazines suggest hair styles according to the shape of the face in order to make the face resemble as closely as possible the perfect oval. The circularity of a round face may be minimized by a sleek, controlled style with side bangs.

A square face needs a style that cuts across the square corners at the temples and is full around the jaw. The best style for a long face also rounds off the corners at the temples and is short. For a triangular face, a narrow chin should be filled out with chinlength hair while a wide chin may be minimized with wide bangs. In finding the right hairstyle, however, a woman should also consider the proportions other whole figure, the texture of her hair, her skill in handling it and the character other life.

Once a hairstyle is chosen, it must be maintained by regular washing, setting and, usually cutting. Some women care for their hair principally at home, going to the hairdresser only for a cut or a shampoo and set for a special occasion. Many women go to the hairdresser once a week, while still others may see him every day for a combing.

Clean, healthy hair is the basis of any hair style. In addition to brushing, dry hair requires shampooing once a week, oily hair perhaps every day. Shampoos are soapy or synthetic detergents in liquid, gel, lotion, or cream form and may have special uses.

There are nondrying shampoos for normal hair, egg shampoos to add sheen to dry hair, and lemon shampoos to cut, extra oils in oily hair. There are hypoallergenic shampoos for sensitive scalps, medicated shampoos for scalp problems, and special shampoos for tinted or bleached hair.

Because hair colouring is constantly being improved and tested scientifically and is subject to rigid quality controls, more women than ever before can colour their hair safely and achieve a natural effect. Most errors stern from the user's carelessness. There are three types of hair colouring available. Temporary rinses, which coat the hair shaft and wash away with one shampoo make no drastic change but add highlights and blend in discoloured streaks Semi permanent rinses, which also coat the hair shaft but last through four to eight shampoos, make hair slightly darker and can effectively cover gray hair. Because the colour imparted by these rinses fades gradually, it does not require retouching. Permanent tints penetrate the hair shaft and permanently change the pigment inside. The tint includes a bleaching agent, which removes the natural hair colour, and colouring matter, which gives a new colour. In a one-colour process these actions take place at the same time. In a two-colour process, only for the most dramatic

changes; the hair is bleached first and then a toner (a very light shade) is applied to enliven the bleached hair. Retouching is needed about every three weeks at the roots, where the darker hair grows in. It should usually be done professionally because overlapping of chemicals can cause the hair to become overly porous and brittle. Streaking is the two-tone process applied to strands separated from the mass of hair.

Fundamental to a short hairstyle is the cut. A blunt cut with scissors makes the ends of the hair straight. Cutting with a razor tapers the ends so that they cling close to the head.

II Answer the following questions:

1.What hairstyles do fashion magazines suggest?

2.What else should a woman consider in finding the right hairstyle?

3.How must your hairstyle be maintained?

4.What is the basis of any hairstyle?

5.What. kinds of shampoos are there?

III Match the following words and word-combinations. Learn them by heart.

4. Hair colouring constantly … and tested scientifically and is subject to rigid quality

5. More women than ever before can colour their hair safely and achieve a natural

9. The idea of having brown skin became more attractive and products … that could

V Complete the sentences.

1. ... that cuts across the square comers at the temples ....

2. ... for normal hair.

3. ... wash away with one shampoo.

4. ... last through four or eight shampoos.

5. Retouching is needed ....

VI Give the summary of the text and be ready to speak on the topic.

Cosmetic practices

Cosmetics have been used since Egyptian times. They were also commonplace in Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. The idea of using cosmetics to enhance the appearance has not changed since these times. Using cosmetics is still designed to capture the appearance of youth in perfect health. Colourful cosmetics hide the appearance of pale cheeks, pale lips and fingernails and dull hair.

Many of the cosmetics used contained dangerous ingredients. There was often more importance put on the application of cosmetics rather than washing and cleaning the skin. From the 1400s whitening the face was one of the most common cosmetic practices. This was still popular in the 1800s.A mixture composed of carbonate, hydroxide and lead oxide was commonly used. This could lead to muscle paralysis or death when used repeatedly. It was replaced by zinc oxide in the 1800s.

Another way to have whiter skin was to bleed yourself. This was done by using the widespread medical practice of using leeches or occasionally a more extreme method called cupping.

In the 1920s having tanned skin became popular when Coco Chanel was seen with a tan on the Duke of Westminster's yacht. The idea of having brown skin became more attractive and products were produced that could create this colour artificially.

Staining of the fingernails has been used in cosmetics for a long time. The first examples date from 3000BC in China. They used gum arable, egg whites, gelatine and beeswax to create the varnish. The royal family in China used gold and silver nail colours. In the first century AD black and red were also used. The lower ranks were

only allowed to wear pale colours. In Egypt the colour of nail varnish used also represented social class. Henna was used to dye the nails. Modem nail varnish comes in a variety of colours and is actually a variation of car paint.

Hair dye and dressing hair is not new. The Romans, Ancient Egyptians and Greeks were all involved in elaborate forms of hairdressing and dyeing. Most of the early hair dyes, such as henna, indigo, sage, could only darken the hair. Roman women would show off their dark shiny tresses that had been dyed with a mixture of boiled walnuts and leeks. They also used blond dyes made from goat's fat and ashes. In the Renaissance, blond was also popular as it was considered angelic.

It was in 1907 that the first synthetic dye was created by French chemist. Eugene Schueller. It was originally called Aureole, but later it was renamed L'Oreal.