Metod_англ.мова_

(breathability, moisture obsorption, wicking proper) and of course its look, which includes its color, sheen, smoothness and ornamental features. Other factors include allergenicity; speed of drying; resistance to chemicals, moths, and mildew; melting point and flammability; retention of static electricity; and the propensity to become stained and to accept dyes.

A key factor in knitting is stitch definition, corresponding to how well complicated stitch patterns can be seen when made from a given yarn.

6

: ) I

Grammar: Modals with Passive.

I Read and translate the following text:

Knitting machine

1.The knitting machine, sometimes called knitting frame, knitting loom, or hand knitting machine, is used to produce knit fabrics on a fixed bed of hooked needles. Knitting machines can be hand powered or motor assisted. Pattern stitches can be selected by hand manipulation of the needles, or with push-buttons and dials, mechanical punch cards, or electronic pattern reading devices and computers.

2.There are domestic and industrial models, with either flat or circular beds that produce rectangular or tubular fabrics. Double bed machines have two flat beds each other, in order to produce purl and plain rib fabrics plus a variety of multi patterns. Ribbing attachments can be added to single bed machines to achieve a simular result.

3.Late 20th Century studio models typically use up to 200 latch hook needles to hold the stitches in a standard or bulky size needle. A carriage or cam box is passed across the bed of needle causing the needle movements required to produce each next stitch. By various selection methods, e.g. punch cards, particular needles can be caused to travel by alternate pathways through the cam box. Thus needles will knit or not, and the unknitted yarn portions will lie under (slip stitch) or over the needle or be held in the needle hook (tuck stitch). Needles can be placed in holding position to allow short row shaping. Most of these machines can knit two colour “fair isle” patterns automatically, and have machine stitch patterning features such as plating and knitweaving. Plating refers to knitting with two strands of yarn that that are held in such a way that one is in front of the other. Plated effects can be particularly striking in a ribbed fabric. Knittingweaving refers to a technique in which a separate piece of yarn, often heavier than the knitted fabric, is carried along and caught between stitches to produce an effect like weaving. With knitwoven fabric, the purl side (usually the wrong side) is the right side of the fabric. With the addition of a

lace carriage, stitches can be transferred from one needle to the next. The yarn passes through a tensioning mechanism and down through the knit carriage, wich feeds the yarn to the needles as they knit.

II Answer the following questions:

1.How are the knitting machines called sometimes?

2.How can pattern stitches be selected?

3.What are the main types of knitting machines?

4.How many latch hook needles do late 20th century studio models typically use?

5.Can most of knitting machines knit two colour “fair isle” patterns automatically?

III Choose the Ukrainian equivalents from the right column.

5.The closeness of texture _______ by the number of courses and wales per inch of the finished fabric.

10. Protein fibres being produced from raw materials that are rather valuable, chemists

V Translate the following sentences into English:

1867 .

2..

3.,

.

4.,

.

5.,

.

VI Give summary of the text and be ready to speak on this topic.

The history of Knitting

Knitting, as we know it, is not very old. Records indicate that the first sweaters were knit less than tree centuries ago – in the 17th century. Before that time smaller pieces and undergarments were knit. The earliest, historical, example of true knitting is a pair of patterned cotton socks found in Egypt, dating back to A.D. 1100 – a mere 9 centuries ago. There may be knitted pieces found in India which were worked prior to that. Weaving and other textile arts date back to prehistory, so knitting is the textile infant.

Currently it is believed that knitting was first invented by Azabs who carried the craft into Egypt. From there the craft was carried through North Africa and into Spain where it was picked up by traveling members of the Catholic church and spread rapidly throughout Europe.

Regardless of the origins of knitting, when it did catch on in Europe, it was quickly established as a true craft. During Medieval times profissional guilds controlled the market, knitted garments came in fashion for the wealthy upper class, and knitting cottage industries sprang up throughout the country. Silk gloves and stockings were highly prized and intricate techniques perfected.

Different types of knitting have origins in diverse areas of Europe. Fair Isle knitting, a technique which uses two colours stranded into intricate patterns, originated on a group of islands north of Britain. The earliest museum examples of this technique are thought to have been knitted around 1850. This technique became popular when the Prince of wales sported a Fair Isle sweater at a public event in 1921. Other legends attribute Fair Isle knitting to the year 1588 when a Spanish ship was wrecked off Fair Isle and the crew inspired the knitting natives to new forms of patterning colours.

As with other aspects of life, the industrial revolution took over the craft of knitting trough the invention of the knitting machine. Even with these speedy

techniques hand knitting lost it’s ability to compete in the market place with machines. Knitting as an art and a craft fell to the wayside and was kept alive only as a hobby.

6

: )

II

Grammar: Modals with Passive.

I Read and translate the following text:

Knitting and Knitting Machines

The process of forming fabrics by looping a thread may be performed either by hand with knitting wires or by means of a machine provided with needles.

The distinctive feature of the knitting machine is the knitting needle. It is the needles, their placement and manipulation that loop the yarn, forming a knitted fabric. In machine knitting of every kind, there must be a needle for every loop and therein lies the difference between machine and hand knitting. There are two principal types of knitting needles, the "spring beard needle" and the "latch needle".

There are two kinds of knitting machines: circular and flat. The circular machine has the needles arranged in a circle and naturally produces a circular or tubular fabric, such as stockings, underclothing, bathing suits, etc. The flat machine has the needles arranged in a straight line, the action being from side to side and consequently produces a flat fabric with edges. On this machine also is made the class of articles known as "fully-fashioned". They are made to the shape of the body. At first they are made in separate pieces and afterwards joined up without the waste which would be entailed in cutting. The edges of the fabric have special loops which can easily be joined together by a thread of the same colour as the garment. This method is, however, somewhat costly.

Both circular and flat machines are equipped with one of the two types of needleslatch needles or spring needles. Knitting machines have been so improved that fabrics produced on them may have practically all the desirable characteristics of woven goods, with the advantage of cheaper production, because they can be made four or five times as quickly, and therefore labour and costs are less per unit.

II Answer the following questions:

1.What is the distinctive feature of the knitting machine?

2.What is the difference between machine and hand knitting?

3.What is the difference between circular and flat knitting machines?

4.With what needles are circular and flat machines equipped?

5.What is the advantage of knitted fabrics?

III Choose the Ukrainian equivalents from the right column.

V Translate the following sentences into English:

.

2., ,

, .

.

.

5..

VI Give summary of the text and be ready to speak on this topic.

The history of Knitting

In knitting, the loops of thread are usually formed by means of a pair of rods called needles. Thread of contrasting colours may be introduced to form patterns. In weft knitting, the regular hand-knitting process that can also be done by machine, the work progresses back and forth; in each course, or new row of stitches, one loop is added to each wale, or chain of loops hanging wertically from the needles. In warp knitting, which is done by machine, the work progresses along the wales. Knitted tubing can be made on spools or circular frames without needles. The yarn or thread is held on a row of pegs that project from and surround the center opening of the spool or frame. Such knitting is also possible when the yarn is held on four of the knitter’s fingers instead of on a spool, and it can be made on a large circular needle.

The early examples of knitting include pieces from about AD 200, found at the Dura-Europas site near Euphrates River; sandal socks, apparently from Saudi Arabia from the mid – 4th century; and some socks and other items made with the crossedknitting technique and found in Egyptian burials, the earliest possibly dating from the 4- th or 5-th century BC. Knitting apparently was introduced into Europe by the Arabs.

By the 1589 a machine to knit stockings had been perfected in Nottingham by the English clergyman William Lee, whose knitting frame was so excellent that few improvements were needed for 250 years. Later English developments – a ribbing device (1758), a warp – knitting machine (1775), and a circular knitting machine (19-th century) – made possible the shaping of hosiery and other garments, and by the 19-th century machine-knitted underclothes werecommon. Commercial knitting centers developed in English cities such as Nottingham and Leicester, and in the U/S/ in Germantown, Pennsylvania, and other cities.

5

: )

Grammar: Tense Forms in Active. Participles (Review)

Read the text and translate it in writing.

Ferrous Metals

Ferrous metals consist of iron combined with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements. Carbon is the most important of all elements present in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms; steel and cast iron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content.

These two ferrous alloys are derived from pig iron, which is produced in a blast furnace in the form of pigs. Metals are usually melted and poured into a form, which is called a 'mould'. This process is known as casting. The cast metal is shaped in the mould where it coils and solidifies. Thus one can cast different objects known as castings. Castings are used in building engines, automobiles and airplanes, and different types of machinery. Steel is iron with a very little carbon content /from 0,05 to 1,7 per cent /, which makes it much stronger than iron and is therefore widely used in machine — building. But very much carbon makes steel brittle, which reduces its strength.

Grey iron is also adapted to a great variety of castings, such as automobile, gas, steam, and hydraulic engine cylinders, bed plates for machines, car wheels, agricultural machinery parts, furnace and stove parts, water pipes, general machinery parts. The nature of the metal used for grey iron castings is such that castings can be made so hard that ordinary tool steel will hot cut then or, on the other hand, so soft that they can be readily machined. However, in comparison with other casting metals grey iron is weak and will not stand shock.

II Answer the following questions:

1.What do ferrous metals consist of?

2.What element is the most important of all elements in ferrous alloys?

3.Where are castings used?

4.What is the scale of s carbon contents in steel?

5.What are the properties of grey iron in comparison with other casting metals?

III Match the words and word combinations:

IV Choose the right variant from those given in the brackets.

1) Heat …. by a liquid causes the liquid to evaporate (absorbing, to absorb, absorbed)

2)The presence of cementine or iron carbide …. this metal hard and brittle (is making, makes, make).

3)In the fourteenth century man …. the technology to melt and cast iron into a useful shape (developed, was developed, will develop).

4)The process, …. as the Bessemer process, is no longer with us, but it …. the start of the family of steel production techniques we …. today (knowing, known, know / was, will be, to be / use, using, are using).

5)Some fifty or sixty years ago semiconductors …. either in electric industry or in radio engineering (not exist, don’t exist, didn’t exist).

6)…. of industries which form the backbone of an …. economy, one must name the mechanical engineering along with metalmaking, chemical industry, and the power industry (spoken, speaking, speak / advancing, to advance, advanced).

7)Only after man …. the scientific method of studying his environment the development of civilization …. increasingly rapid in various fields of knowledge and technology (adopt, adopted, has adopted / has become, become, will become)

8)Now the semiconductor industry …. very rapidly (is developing, develops, developed).

9)Our scientists and technologists ….. many new materials over the past few years (creates, was created, have created).

10)Today we … the development of a new scientific and technical branch – biochemical technology (are witnessing, witness, will witness).

V Translate the following word-combinations from English into Ukrainian:

1.wrought iron

2.ingot iron

3.pig iron

4.inoculated cast iron

5.metallic iron

6.crude iron

7.malleable cast iron

8.white (pig) iron

9.slag iron

10.cast iron

VI Give summary of the text and be ready to speak on the topic.

Use of Ferrous Metals in Precision Presswork and Tooling

All metals can be classified as non-ferrous metals and ferrous metals. Ferrous metals are those metals which contain iron. They may have small amounts of other metals or other elements added, to give the required properties. All ferrous metals are magnetic and give little resistance to corrosion.

Most commonly used ferrous metals are mild steel, high speed steel, stainless steel, high tensile steel and cast iron.

Here are some ferrous metals which are used for tool making, manufacturing of pressed components and other industrial supplies.

Mild steel. It is the most commonly used ferrous metal. Its major properties are toughness, high tensile strength and ductility. It contains 0.15 to0.30% carbon. Because of low carbon content it can not be hardened and tempered. It must be case hardened. It is normally used in manufacturing of girders, plates, nuts and bolts and other general purposes.

Cast iron is another example of commonly used ferrous metal. It is hard, brittle, strong, cheap, and self-lubricating ferrous metal. It is remelted pig iron with small amounts of scrap steel. It can be classified as white cast iron, grey cast iron, and malleable cast iron. It is normally used in the manufacturing of heavy crushing machinery. It’s an important ferrous metal in automotive pressing.

High tensile steel. It is very strong and very tough ferrous metal and is exclusively used for manufacturing of gears, shafts, engine parts, etc. This is one of the most frequently used ferrous metals in industries because of its strength, hardness and toughness.

Stainless steel. It’s another very important ferrous metal. It comprises of 18% chromium, and 8% nickel. Its special characteristic is its strong resistance to corrosion. Its common uses are kitchen draining boards, pipes, cutlery and aircraft.

High speed steel is also a ferrous metal. It contains medium carbon, tungsten, chromium and vanadium. It can be hardened, tempered and can be brittle. Its special characteristic is that it remains hardness at high temperatures.

High Carbon Steel is a ferrous metal which contains from 0.70% to 1.40% carbon. The major characteristic is its hardness. It is the hardest of the carbon steels, but is less ductile, tough and malleable. It is used in making hammers, drills, files, lathe tools, taps and dies.

Medium carbon steels. As the name says, this ferrous metal contains less carbon contents, from 0.30% to 0.70%. It is stronger and harder than mild steels, less ductile, tough and malleable. It is used in making metal ropes, wire, garden tools, springs etc.

5

: ) II

Grammar: Tense Forms in Active. Participles (Review).

Read the text and translate it in writing.

Non-ferrous Metals

Non-ferrous metals are more expensive than ferrous metals and are used only when some characteristic not possessed by iron or steel is essential or desirable in application. The characteristics are: high electrical and thermal conductivity, high

corrosion resistance, non-magnetic qualities, light weight, etc.

The metals most frequently used to make non-ferrous metal castings are copper, tin, sinc, lead, nickel, gold and aluminium. The above-mentioned non-ferrous metals may be mixed in various proportions to form many alloys, chief among them being brasses, bronses, and aluminium alloys. There is a wide range of use for non-ferrous alloys. Their nature differs greatly from that of the ferrous group. By varying the proportions of non-ferrous metals, alloys that are hard or soft, weak or strong, can be produced. When alloying, the metal with the highest melting point should be melted first, then the one with the next highest melting point, and so on until all of the metals that are to make up the alloy are melted together. For example to make a red-brass alloy, the copper is melted first, then the zinc, then the lead, and at last the tin. As soon as the mixture is not enough to run the castings, it should be taken out of the furnace, otherwise the zinc, tin and lead may burn away.

II Answer the following questions:

1.What are the characteristics of non-ferrous metals?

2.What metals are used to make non-ferrous metal castings?

3.How can alloys with different properties be produced?

4.Why are non-ferrous castings used in wet or damp places?

5.Why do scientists nowadays try to replace non-ferrous metals with some ferrous alloys?

IV Choose the right variant from those given in the brackets.

1.The scientists ….. for ways to use solar energy (are looked, are looking, is looking).

2.Everything … ready, we began our experiment (was, to be, are).

3.Selecting ferrous metals and alloys …. an analysis of dimensions, production processes, and features (is requiring, requires, require).

4.When we entered the laboratory the electrically operated computers … difficult mathematical problems (solved, are solved, were solving).

5.There …. no need to mention the cost of copper today (was, be, is).