Metod_англ.мова_

6

: ) I

Grammar: Tenses Forms in Passive Voice and Modals

I Read the text and translate it in written form.

Flexibility of shoes

This is at all time a desirable feature in footwear construction, and is closely associated with that of wear. A flexible shoe will have close clinging contact with the ground as each step is taken, and will require less physical effort on the part of the wearer than will a stiff sole. Flexible shoes have a longer wearing life, than those which are more rigid in their construction. The increased wearing life of rubber sole is due in part to their well known flexibility.

Resistance to penetration of moisture. This is so obvious, especially in wet climates that it scarcely calls for comment. Many materials and preparations have from time to time been used with the object of providing waterproof soles, out as the result is generally obtained at the sacrifice of other desirable features, particularly that of ventilation. Many people find it inconvenient to wear rubber or composition soles.

Ventilation. This feature is only partly understood by many practical shoemakers, but there is little doubt that foot comport is in no small measure due to the carrying away of vapors and other exudations through the shoe sole.

Easy of working, or adaptability to manufacturing requirements. Boot and shoe manufacture is a highly specialized industry. The success or otherwise of a manufacturing material depends in no small measure upon its capacity to fit in with established practice. The incidental disorganization, and expense, of installing new machinery, or plant to accommodate the requirements of new material may render its use prohibitive.

II Answer the following questions:

1.What feature of footwear construction is closely associated with wear?

2.How can we describe the notion of “resistance to penetration of moisture”

3.There is little doubt that foot comport is in no small measure due to the carrying away of vapors and other exudations through the shoe sole, isn’t there?

4.Is boot and shoe manufacturing a highly specialized industry?

5.What may render the use of new machinery prohibitive?

III Match the following English words and Ukrainian equivalents:

IV Choose the right variant of the verbs from those given in brackets.

1. This is at all time a desirable feature in footwear construction, and … closely … with that of wear.

V Give the initial forms of the words and translate them into Ukrainian:

Traditionally, measuring, manufacturing, thickness, relatively, heavier, reinforcement, coating, particularly, setting, independence, requirement, desirable, association, disorganization, considerably, inexpensive, accommodation.

VI Give summary of the text and be ready to speak on the topic

The strength of leather is traditionally assessed by measuring its tear strength, this property being fundamental to both shoe manufacturing and performance in wear. Tear strength will depend on several factors such as the type of animal and thickness. It is relatively easy to obtain a satisfactory strength with heavier leathers but experience has shown that this is not the case with lighter skins such as goat. It is fair to say that even the better lightweight skins may have inadequate tear strength for many applications. This does not mean that they are unusable, but it does not mean that they need reinforcement before use.

Patent leathers, with their high-gloss coatings, are a recurring fashion theme and are sometimes seen in everyday wear – particularly in women’s and children’s shoes. The special coatings used are very vulnerable to damage, particularly during lasting and heat sitting. The leather fiber bundles open up during lasting and this produces voids which in turn are seen as an “orange peel” effect on the patent surface. Patent surfaces on split leathers are more prone to this problem than those on grain leathers. Heat setting can also show up one of the great failings of the patent film – a lower extensibility at higher temperatures which leads to cracking of the coating from stress points such as stitch holes. The Zwik test will assess the tendency of a leather to crack during heat setting and show its propensity to “orange peel”.

6

: ) II

Grammar: Passive Voice and Modals

I Read the text and translate it in written form.

Automatic Shoe Lasting Machine

Jan Ernst Matzeliger (1852-1889) was born in Paramaribo, Surinam (Dutch Guiana), South America. His father was a Dutch engineer who married a native Black Surinamese woman. At the age of ten, young Jan worked in the machine shops supervised by his father, where his talents and mechanical aptitude was nurtured.

Hearing about the rapid growth of the shoe industry in Massachusetts, Matzeliger went to Lynn in 1877 in search of a better job. He eventually landed a job as an apprentice in a shoe factory operating various shoe making machinery.

In the early days of shoe making, shoes were made mainly by hand. For proper fit, the customer's feet had to be duplicated in size and form by creating a stone or wooden

mold called a "last" from which the shoes were sized and shaped. Since the greatest difficulty in shoe making was the actual assembly of the soles to the upper shoe, it required great skill to tack and sew the two components together. It was thought that such intricate work could only be done by skilled human hands. As a result, shoe lasters held great power over the shoe industry. They would hold work stoppages without regard for their fellow workers' desires, resulting in long periods of unemployment for them.

Matzeliger set out to try to solve the problem of this strangle-hold by developing an automatic method for lasting shoes. It took many years and much sacrifice before he came up with a prototype that was successful. Matzeliger's machine was able to turn out from 150 to 700 pairs of shoes a day versus an expert hand lasters fifty.

By 1889 the demand of the shoe lasting machine was overwhelming. His machine had revolutionized the entire shoe industry in the USA and around the world.

Unfortunately, Jan Matzeliger didn't live to see the fruits of his labor. He died at age 37 on August 24, 1887.

II Answer the following questions:

1.What was invented by Matzeliger?

2.Why was his invention so important?

3.Did Matzeliger improve shoes manufacturing?

4.What was the significance of Matzeliger's shoe lasting machine for shoe industry in USA and around the world?

5.In what family did the inventor of automatic shoe lasting machine live?

III Match the following English words and Ukrainian equivalents:

2. In the early days of shoe making, shoes … mainly by hand.

3. Matzeliger's talents and mechanical aptitude … in the machine shops supervised by

4. The skins of untamed animals, like antelopes, chamois, red deer, reindeer, elks, kangaroos, hares and rabbits … usually … by hunting, causing defects

5. These skins …… a variety of articles, e.g. shoes, garments, gloves, bags and leather

8. For proper fit, the customer's feet … in size and form by creating a stone or wooden

9. The pelts … according to size into three general classes, namely: hides, kips and skins.

10. Matzeliger's machine … from 150 to 700 pairs of shoes a day versus an expert hand

V Analyse the structure of the following words and give their initial forms:

Laster, overwhelming, mechanical, wooden, difficulty, stoppage, successful, resulting, unemployment, revolutionized, unfortunately, duplicated, married

VI Give summary of the text and be ready to speak on the topic “Types of Raw Hides and Skins”

Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs provide the majority of hides and skins for the world wide needed amounts for the leather producing industry.

The hides and skins of horses, reptiles, lizards and snakes as well as those of fishes are available in smaller quantities and generally not traded world wide. The importance

of such hides for the leather production is only significant to designated regions, which are basically the natural environment of these animals. Often the special shape or the particular exotic features of the skins require a unique know how of the tanner.

The skins of untamed animals, like antelopes, chamois, red deer, reindeer, elks, kangaroos, hares and rabbits are usually obtained by hunting, causing defects and damage to the hides, although the farming of deer skins, in particular, has increased.

Skins of camels and ostriches are usually from farmed animals. These skins are turned into a variety of articles, e.g. shoes, garments, gloves, bags and leather goods.

5

: )

Grammar: English tenses

I Read and translate the following text:

Knitting

1.Knitting is the art of constructing fabric with needles by interlooping yarn to form a succession of connected loops. The essential element of knitting is the loop.

2.A loop is a very small length of yarn, taken at some point distant from the end, and drawn through and around some object, usually another loop. As a result, there are two loops, which together are called a “stitch”. The loop that has just been drawn through and that is still coiled around the needle is known as the “needle loop”. The loop that is around the object or the previous loop through which the needle loop was just drawn is called the “sinker loop”. The needle loop plus the sinker loopequal one knitted stitch. The needle, holding the needle loop it has just formed, again picks up a portion of the yarn and draws it through the loop, thus, the needle loop becomes a sinker loop, and the tarn portion becomes a sinker loop, and the yarn portion becomes a needle loop. By such repetition, a chain of loops, each drawn through another, are formed and a fabric results.

3.The loops lying side by side in a line across the fabric are called “courses”. The loops succeeding one another in a line lengthwise of the fabric are called “wales”. The words “course” and “wale” are terms used to grade weft knitted fabric, and to explain different types of weft knitted fabrics. Another example, a design may run “course wise” or “walewise”.

4.Hand knitting is produced on one circular or two or more, thin, straight, hookless, needles, by hand manipulation of the yarn. Any number of types of stitches that are formed by one continuous yarn can be constructed by hand, although the yarn used must be coarse enough to be manipulated by hand. The majority of knitting fabrics are constructed by a variety of knitting machines.

10. Rayon _______ a generic term for filaments ______ from various solution of

V Give summary of the text and be ready to speak on this topic.

Knitting needles

A knitting needle or knitting pin is a long stick or rod used as a tool in the manufacture of hand knitted fabric. The needle is used to reach through a knitting stitch in order to snag a bight of yarn and pull a length back through the stitch to form a new loop at the top of the current wale of stitches. The simplest requirements of knitting needles are that tey must be smooth, thin and long enough to reach through a stitch and strong enough not to break while manipulating the bight of yarn.

The most widely recognized form of knitting needle, probably invented in the mid 19th century, is usually called a straight needle. Straight needles are narrowed nearly to a point at one end and capped at the other with a knob or head (like the head of a straight pin), and are used almost exclusively for knitting flat two-dimensional fabrics like rectangles and squares.

The oldest known knitting needles, still very much in use, are double-pointed needles. They are generally used to form tubular fabrics such as socks and the bodies or sleeves of sweaters. As the name implies, double-pointed needles are tapered at both ends nearly to points. They are normally used in sets of four or five as depicted in a number of 14th century oil paintings, typically called Knitting Madonnas, depicting Mary knitting with double-pointed needles. Typical 21-st century double-pointed needles range from about 4 to 15 inches in length.

Both tubular and flat knitting is also done on circular needles, today consisting of two pointed needles joined together by a flexible wire or length of nylon. The advantage of using circular needles are that the weight of the fabric is more eventy distributed and therefore, less taxing on the arms and wrists of the knitter.

Cable needles are used in conjunction with straight and circular needles to create cables.

5

: )I

Grammar: English tenses

I Read and translate the following text:

Knitting

1.Knitting is the second of the fundamental methods of aking fabrics. Instead of the two sets of threads lying at right-angles to each other that make up woven cloth, the structure of ordinary knitted fabric consists of a series of loops made from a single thread running continuously through the fabric.

2.Knitting may be thus defined as the interlacing of one continuous yarn in such a way as to form loops which are interlocked to make cloth.

3.Thus the essential elements of knitting is the loop. A loop is a very small length of yarn, drawn through another loop. Each row of loops is loops is linked up with the preceding row and is dependent on the loops which surround it.

4.Owing to the nature of the texture, knitted goods are very elastic and yield readily to any movement of the body, taking the shape of the wearer without causing discomfort. This makes it particularly suitable for underwear. Due to the air spaces between the loops, knitted garments are usually warmer than those made from ordinary woven material.

5.The are two distinct types of knitted fabrics:

a)Fabrics that are knitted with one continuous yarn, back forth across (or round and round) the fabric, are made either circular or flat and are constructed to give elasticity – a necessary requirement for such items as hosiery, underwear, sweaters, gloves;

b)Fabrics that are knitted with many yarns travelling in a more or less vertical direction. These fabrics differ in structure, appearance and elasticity from the former ones. They are very durable fabrics and do not “ladder” or “run” easily.

II Answer the following questions:

1.What does the structury of ordinary knitted fabric consist of?

2.What is the essential element of knitting?

3.What is a loop?

4.What happens when the yarn breaks in any place of a knitted fabric?

5.What makes knitted fabric particularly suitable for underwear?

III Choose the Ukrainian equivalents from the right column.

2.Knitting _______ the process of constructing fabric with one or more groups of yarns by a system of interlooping loops of the yarns.

V Give summary of the text and be ready to speak on this topic.

Yarn

Yarn for knitting is usually sold as balls or skeins, although it may also be wound on spools or cones. Skeins and balls are generally sold with a yarn-band, a label that describes the yarn’s weight, length, dye lot, fiber content, washing instructions, suggested needle size, likely gauge, etc.

The thickness of the yarn is a significant factor in determining the gauge, i.e., how many stitches and rows are required to cover a given area for a given stitch pattern. Thicker yarns generally require thicker knitting needles, whereas thinner yarns may be knit with thick or thin needles. Hence, thicker yarns generally require fewer stitches, and therefore less time, to knit up a given garment.

A yarn’s usefulness for a knitting project is judged by several factors, such as its loft (its ability to trap air), its resilience (elasticity uder tension), its washability and colorfastness, its hand (its feel, particularly softness vs, scratchiness), its durability against abrasion, its resistance to pilling, its hairiness (fuzziness), its tendency to twist or untwist, its overall weight and drape, its blocking and felting qualities, its comfort