Note: Дієслова в пасивному стані в англійській мові не вживаються в Future Continuous та в усіх часах групи Perfect Continuous.

Passive Voice часто використовується:

а) коли невідомо хто або що є виконавцем дії

My car was stolen last night - Моя машина була викрадена минулої ночі. в) коли нас не цікавить виконавець дії

The factory was painted during the war. – Фабрику пофарбували за часів війни.

Додаток в реченні з дієсловом-присудком в пасивному стані використовується з прийменником by або with.

Додаток з прийменником by виражає діючу особу або діючу силу. The radio was invented by Marconi.

A number of trees were blown down by strong winds.

Додаток з прийменником with виражає знаряддя дії, речовину або складові частини.

I was hit with an umbrella.

The room was filled with smoke. English tea is made with cream.

UNIT 11

Topic: Engineering

Grammar: The Infinitive and the Infinitive constructions

I Phonetic skills.

1.Listen and repeat:

1.branch ['brα:nt∫]

2.measuring ['meʒəriŋ]

3.automation [Ɔ:tə'mei∫n]

4.equipment [i'kwipmənt]

5.thorough ['θΛrə(u:)]

6.strength [streŋθ]

7.cope [kəup]

8.suitable ['sju:təbl]

9.curriculum [kə'rikjuləm]

10.efficient [i'fi∫(ə)nt]

11.microprocessor [ maikrəu'prəusesə(r)]

12.appliance [ə'plaiəns]

13.artificial [a:ti'fi∫əl]

2. Listen and remember the following words and phrases:

1.technological equipment – технологічне устаткування

2.control systems – автоматичні системи управління

3.industrial electronics – промислова електроніка

4.engineering – техніка

5.mechanical engineering – машинобудування

6.engineering mechanics – інженерна механіка

7.electrical engineering – електротехніка

8.machine-tool manufacture – верстатобудування

9.instrument-making – приладобудування

10.strength of materials – опір матеріалів

11.machine parts – деталі машин

12.means of labour – засоби виробництва

13.increased capacity – підвищена потужність

IIReading skills.

1.Read and remember:

1.to be guided by – керуватись чимось

2.implementation – здійснення, реалізація

3.to cope with – справлятися з

4.engineering material – конструкційний матеріал

5.computer-aided design – автоматичне проектування

6.in spite of – незважаючи на

7.curriculum – навчальна програма

8.sets of subjects – набір предметів

9.to have very much in common – мати багато спільного

10.apart from – крім, не враховуючи

11.humanities – гуманітарні науки

12.scientific outlook – науковий світогляд

13.motive power – рушійна сила

2.Read and translate the following text.

Engineering and Technological Progress

We live in the epoch when science becomes direct productive force of society. The second half of the 20th century began an entirely new era – the era of the scientific and technological revolution. It is due to complex mechanization and automation.

Mechanical engineering is called a key industry due to its importance to all sectors of the national economy including mechanization, automation, chemical engineering, etc. Engineering is a complex consisting of inter-linked industries.

Machine-tool manufacture is the material and technical base of engineering. Mechanical engineering is rapidly changing. Instrument-making plays an increasingly important part. This branch of engineering produces automation equipment, quality control devices, computers, etc.

The development of automation is closely linked with progress in instrumentmaking and the output of up-to-date measuring and control instruments and devices.

In the conditions of the scientific and technological progress the significance of engineers is increasing. Our country has taken on a course toward the market economy. Engineers have an important part to play in intensifying the national economy. In their work engineers are guided by the latest achievements in science and technology. Engineering means physical implementation of the design process into machines, devices or systems. Only a well-trained engineer can cope with his tasks. In his practical work an engineer is faced with problems of choosing suitable engineering materials for constructing different devices or machine parts. A modern engineer must have good knowledge of physics and mathematics, chemistry, computers, systems engineering computer-aided design, management science, etc.

Engineers are trained at different technical higher schools and at some departments of the universities. In spite of the fact that there are no single and absolutely identical curricula, the sets of subjects for training technical students have very much in common. Future engineers are trained in fundamental sciences and special subjects. Apart from the teaching fundamentals, the students are offered a wide programme of humanities. A great attention at technical departments is paid to such subjects as history, philosophy, economics, management, sociology, ecology and foreign language as well as to the development of the scientific world outlook of the future engineers. The engineer is considered to be the main motive power of the technological progress.

3.Find the answers to the questions:

1.What is engineering?

2.What is the role of an engineer in the technological progress? 3.What should an engineer know to cope with his tasks? 4.Where are engineers trained?

5.What subjects and sciences are technical students trained in?

6.What must an engineer know to be a good specialist and harmoniously developed individual?

7.Is an engineer the main motive power in the technological progress?

4.Complete the sentences:

1.Engineers are trained at… 2.Only … can cope with his task.

3.Engineering means physical implementation… 4.In their work engineers are guided by…

5.In his practical work an engineer is faced with … 6.The engineer is the main motive power…

6.Translate into English:

1.Мені подобається вивчати гуманітарні науки. 2.Інженерів готують у технічних вищих учбових закладах.

3.У своїй роботі інженери керуються останніми досягненнями науки і техніки. 4.Вчений стикнувся з дуже важкою проблемою.

5.Незважаючи на брак часу він згодився допомогти другові. 6.Ці дві роботи мають дуже багато спільного.

7.Студенти приділяють багато уваги вивченню іноземних мов.

ІІІ Grammar skills.

1.Define the forms of the Infinitive and translate the sentences:

1.I am glad to invite you to the conference.

2.I am glad to be invited to the conference.

3.I am glad to have invited you to the conference. 4.I am glad to have been invited to the conference. 5.I am glad to be inviting you to the conference.

2.Define the type of the Infinitive construction and translate the sentences:

1.We are said to live in the age of atomic energy.

2.Our scientists are known to have built the atomic station of higher capacity. 3.These devices are considered to be very effective.

4.Parents want me to become an engineer technologist. 5.I heard the professor deliver the lecture.

6.My friend appears to prefer research. 7.I expect you to be at home at 6 p.m.

8.The delegation is expected to arrive tomorrow.

3.Choose the correct form:

1.I know him (to be, was) a good student. 2.We hear Olga (play, to play) the piano.

3.The machine (is known, is being known) to be the major and effective means of labour.

4.The method proposed by the young engineer (is said, are said) to be very effective. 5.Certain properties of matter (is considered, are considered) to be always the same

under definite conditions.

4.Put the words in the sentences into correct word order:

1.is / key / due to / mechanical / called / its / engineering / industry / role / important / sectors / in / of / the / all / economy / national.

2.engineer / good / have / modern / must / knowledge / humanities / technical / and / subjects.

3.is / to be / of / progress / the / motive / main / the / considered / technological / engineer.

5.Translate into English:

1.Батьки хочуть, щоб їх діти стали освіченими людьми.

2.Очікують, що зима буде не дуже холодною.

3.Відомо, що Йоркшир та Ланкашир є центрами текстильної промисловості.

4.Дербі відомий як центр взуттєвої промисловості Великобританії.

5.Інженер хоче, щоб нові прилади були випробувані в лабораторії.

6.Вони хотіли, щоб устаткування уважно перевірили експерти.

7.Я знаю, що ці машини виробляють на нашому заводі.

8.Загальновідомо, що електронне устаткування виконує роботу краще і економніше, ніж інші прилади.

9.Необхідно, щоб студенти добре володіли іноземними мовами.

6.Complete the sentences:

1.Students are expected… 2.He is known…

3.We heard him… 4.I want you…

5.The teacher made me… 6.He is supposed… 7.Engineering is considered… 8.She is said…

9.Our dean proves…

10. The engineer is certain…

7.Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:

1.Great Britain is known to be a highly developed industrial country. 2.Cool-mining is said to be a traditional branch of industry in Great Britain. 3.Ukraine is known to be an independent state.

4.The engineering is known to play a key role in the production of new generation of machines.

5.To raise the standard of living in our country our industry must accelerate the output of such commodities as cameras, radio and TV-sets, refrigerators, washing machines and others.

6.The output of railways cars, electric and diesel locomotives, grain combines and tractors, among other machines is known to be very high.

IV Communicative skills.

1.Read the dialogues and reproduce them:

1)

A.Hi, Oleg. Nice to meet you. You know I am a first-year student of the University.

B.Hi, Max. I’m pleased to see you here too. What field are you going to specialize in?

A.You see, it’s industrial electronics. But I have rather superficial knowledge about my future speciality. I’ve heard it to be a very perspective and dynamic technology.

B.Yes, you are quite right. Electronic techniques are applied in many fields, including industry, communication, defence and entertaining.

A.And how electronics deals with automation, I wonder.

B. Oh, it makes a great contribution to automation. Electronic computers have provided the bases for the construction of automated lines, automated units, shops and whole plants…

A.And tools with programmed control robots and manipulators. I remember professor Burmistenko to speak about this in his lecture. Would you help me to understand the difference between electronics and industrial electronics, Oleg?

B.With pleasure. You see, electronics is a science which studies the properties of electrons, the laws of their motion and transmission of various kinds of energy. Industrial electronics deals with the technology of design, construction of electronic devices.

A.Oh, I see you are a well-trained student. By the way, what year are you in?

B.I am in my fourth year. Industrial electronics is my future speciality too. Electronics has penetrated into all spheres of human activity from household appliances to artificial intelligence. And my aim is to make my own contribution to its development.

A.I wish you great success in your studies, Oleg.

B.The same to you.

2) (Reading for an examination)

A.I say, Max, do you think the examination questions to be difficult?

B.Some of them seem to be difficult and some to be rather easy to answer.

A.Do you find it hard to tell me about the computer organization?

B.Oh, this is the easiest question for me to answer. Let me try. Any computer consists of 5 basic units: the input unit, memory unit, the arithmetic logic unit, the control unit, the output unit.

A.That’s right. And now would you explain the notion of programme, please.

B.With pleasure, sir. Programme is a set of instructions prepared by one or more persons for each job a computer is to do. Any more questions?

A.Yes, and this time the question seems to be more sophisticated. I mean the computer range. But don’t try to have a quick look at your note-book.

B.Well, stop moralizing. Don’t you know me to be the cleverest and the most hardworking person in our group?

A.And the most modest one!

B.So as far as the computer range is concerned, we know the computers to be the microcomputers and maxicomputers. And that’s all I can tell you, sir.

A.It’s not so bad. But we have so many questions to clear up before our exam. Let’s better go to the library reading-hall. There is a lot of special literature on the subject being of great help to us.

B.You are right, as usual. Don’ waste time. Time is money, they say.

A.You are always joking. But reading for an examination is no laughing matter.

3) (at the examination)

Professor: Your first question to answer is about the problem of turning heat into electricity.

Student: The usual way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Another way of producing electricity is nuclear power. The heat energy produced by the reactor is used to make steam; the steam gives mechanical energy to generators which produce electrical energy.

Professor: That’s good. And what can you tell me about the field of application of electricity?

Student: Electricity made possible the engineering progress of today. It serves as the basis of modernizing industry, increasing equipment efficiency, mechanizing and automating progress.

Professor: And what about household appliances?

Student: Electricity has become a part of our life. Electric motors operate washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, electric razors, electric cookers and kitchen units, air-conditioners. All we have to do is turn a switch and electric devices will be doing their job for us.

Professor: That will do. I see you have read a lot for your examination. Your mark is a five.

VRendering.

1.Read the text and translate it using a dictionary:

Automation

The machine is known to be the major and efficient means of labour in modern production. The machine-building industry produces various kinds of machinery and machine-tools to meet the requirements of engineering branches as well as the light and food industries. The engineering industry is characterized by such features as increased capacities and speeds of machinery, the replacement of mechanical control systems by electrical and hydraulic ones. It is characterized by simplification of machinery design, an increasing use of automatic devices and the introduction of programmed control techniques on a mass scale. Automation of production means producing automatic and semiautomatic machinery, machine-tools, numerically controlled machines based on microprocessors and microcomputers, installing transfer lines. It is a key production for the building of the material and technical base of economy. What is automation? Shortly speaking, automation consists of four integral parts: transfer machines, automatic assembly, communication engineering and control engineering. There is difference between mechanization and automation. In automation the functions of control, maintaining machines are transferred to other machines while in mechanization these functions are transferred to the working mechanisms.

The mechanized and automated production lines replace the work of a tremendous number of workers. There are fully automated enterprises such as chemical and hydro-power plants. The development and mass production of new types of computer technology makes it possible to exclude man from the entire technological

processes.

The so-called flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are able to meet the demands of industry. They are considered to be the future of the automated plant.

2.Make-up a plan of the text in the form of questions.

3.Give a summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

VI Comprehensive skills.

1.Read and remember:

1.measuring and control instruments – вимірювальні прилади

2.strength of materials – опір матеріалів

3.machine parts – деталі машин

4.device – прилад, інструмент

5.design bureau – конструктoрське бюро

6.term paper – курсовий проект

7.graduation paper – дипломна робота

8.research work – дослідна робота

9.theoretical investigation – теоретичне дослідження

10.skilled – досвідчений, кваліфікований

11.pure and applied sciences – точні та прикладні науки.

2.Listen to the text “My future speciality” and try to understand it.

3.True or False statements:

1.I study at the faculty of design.

2.The students of our department are specializing in humanities.

3.Engineering is a complex consisting of inter-linked industries.

4.As future engineers we get thorough knowledge of pure and applied sciences.

5.Studying is combined with practical training.

1. The Objective Infinitive Construction (Complex Object).

We know these devices to work by electric impulses. They want him to test this plane.

Такі звороти перекладаються підрядними реченнями, в яких іменна частина (іменник або займенник) виконує роль підмета, а інфінітив – присудка.

2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject)

The computer is known to perform complicated calculations. Glass is said to have been invented 2,000 years ago.

В таких реченнях присудок перекладається неособовою формою дієслова, а інфінітивний зворот – підрядним реченням, в якому іменник (займенник) виконує роль підмета, а інфінітив – присудка.

Дієслова, що вживаються у звороті “The Subjective Infinitive Construction”

3. Infinitive Construction introduced by the preposition for.

Цей зворот складається з іменника або займенника, яким передує прийменник for та інфінітив.

Наприклад: It is necessary for him to be ready for examination.

UNIT 12

Topic: Design

Grammar: Participles and their functions

Gerunds and their functions

2. Listen and remember the following phrases:

Art and design are inseparable. Art involves not only the ability to paint a beautifully dressed body, or to make a sculpture of it; it focuses also on a talent to design and construct or to choose and assemble garments and accessories displaying imagination, creativity and a sense of beauty.

A design is a well-considered plan for creating something beautiful. A designer is an artist who creates or modifies ideas so that they can be reproduced on fabrics or on finished goods such as styles in apparel. Although each person is a potential designer, one learns to create beauty through order and harmony to be excellent.

All artists and designers work with the elements of line, space, texture and colour. The elements are not used alone, but are combined in useful, appropriate ways to produce different interesting effects. To achieve the desired artistic effect every artist has to absorb and apply the basic principles of design.

Design encompasses a number of different fields. Many designers specialize in a particular area of design, whereas others work in more than one area.

Commercial and industrial designers develop different manufactured products. They combine artistic talent with research on the use of a product, on customer needs, on marketing. Industrial designers typically concentrate in such specialty as kitchen appliances, auto interiors, etc. Fashion designers design clothing and accessories. These designers create original garments, as well as clothes that follow established fashion trends. Floral designers cut and arrange live, dried, or artificial flowers and foliage. Graphic designers use computer software to develop the design of magazines, newspapers, web-sites. Interior designers enhance the function, safety, and quality of interior spaces in private homes and public buildings. They use computers to plan layouts, because computers make it easy to change plans. Interior designers also design lighting and architectural details, coordinate colours, select furniture, floor coverings, etc. Set and exhibit designers create sets for films, television, and theatre performances. Set designers study scripts, and conduct research to determine the historical period, fashion, and architectural styles appropriate for the production on which they work. Exhibit designers work with curators, art and museum directors to determine the most effective use of available space.

3.Find the answers to the questions:

1.What is design?

2.What elements do all artist and designers work with?

3.What particular areas of design do you know?

4.What do many designers specialize in?

5.What do industrial designers typically concentrate in?

6.What do graphic designers produce?

7.Who creates film, television, and theatre sets?

8.Who do exhibit designers work with?

4. Complete the sentences:

1.… for creating something beautiful.

2.All artists and designers work with …

3.… every artist has to absorb and apply …

4.… develop different manufactured products.

5.Floral designers cut and arrange…

6.Set and exhibit designers create...

6. True or false statements:

1.Art involves only the ability to paint a beautifully dressed body, or to make a sculpture of it.

2.A design is a well-considered plan for creating something boring.

3.Only some artists and designers work with the elements of line, space, texture and colour.

4.Design encompasses a number of different fields.

5.Floral designers use computers to plan layouts, because computers make it easy to change plans.

6.Interior designers design lighting and architectural details, coordinate colors, select furniture, floor coverings etc.

III Grammar skills.

1. Choose the correct form:

1.The students working / worked here came from Kyiv.

2.This was a collection of clothes created/creating by the students.

3.We were consulting / consulted a dictionary, when he entered the room.

4.He spent the whole summer prepared/preparing his new collection.

5.I was reading a book printed / printing in our city.

6.We were looking for a cinema built / building not so long ago.

7.The students of our university use many facilities made / making in our country.

2. Complete the sentences: a)

1.I got a letter from Jane this morning, _______ that she is going to take a course of interior design. (say)

2.Many talented individuals are _____ to careers as designers. (attract)

3.This dress will be _____ at the next Season Fashion Show. (present)

4.There was a silence in the exam room, as all the students sat _____ as fast as they could. (write)

5._____ by millions every night, TV advertisement is a powerful means of communication. (see)

b)

1.Creating something can’t be _____. (bore)

2.I think studying history of arts is very _____. (interest)

3.I find walking in the forest _____. (relax)

4.I get ____ when people smoke in the restaurants. (annoy)

5.I don’t get ____ watching horror films. (frighten)

3.Put the words into correct word order:

1.girl, black, wearing, dress, is, the, Sarah, the

2.is, boy, picture, painting, a, Simon, the

3.finished, the, I, went, breakfast, to, work, having

4.I, smiling, out, to, myself, walked

5.had, I, my, mended, that, in, shop, shoes

6.cut, he, hair, had, his

7.who, man, a, made, was, report, our, the, professor

1.Are you interested / interesting in art?

2.They were shocked / shocking when they heard the news.

3.I thought the story was quite amused / amusing.

4.We were worried / worrying when he didn’t come home.

5.I find this colour bored / boring.

6.It was surprised / surprising that she didn’t come to the art class.

6.Define the form of the gerund, using the table and translate the sentences:

1.Mary stopped studying English.

2.I like reading poetry.

3.He told us about his having bought a new dictionary.

4.We are considering buying a car.

5.We know about the new edition having appeared.

6.They know of your having tried to do it alone.

7.I don’t remember her telling us her age.

7. Translate into English:

1.Створюючи костюм, колір необхідно розглядати у поєднанні з лініями, фактурою матеріалу та функцією костюму.

2.Читаючи цю книгу, я натрапив на кілька цікавих виразів.

3.На папері були кілька ескізів, зроблених олівцем.

4.Сукня буде тут, доки її не дошиють.

5.Хоча він був дуже здивований, він не сказав ні слова.

6.Він увійшов у кімнату і побачив лист, який лежав на столі.

7.Він полагодив свій велосипед.

8.Перед тим як поїдеш, переконайся, що закрив усі вікна і двері.

9.Ось нові підручники, які надіслали до нашої школи.

10.Йому потрібно підстригти волосся.

IV Communicative skills

1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:

1)

Alex: To be honest, I don’t quite understand what is meant by “a selecting and arranging designer”, I’m afraid.

Wendy: You see, it is the one who buys and wears clothes in harmony with her wishes, personality and figure appropriate for the occasions in her life-style.

Alex: In other words it is the one who has a very good taste and knows how to create her individual image by selecting and arranging her clothes, isn’t it?

Wendy: That’s right.

2)

Tony: Do you think you are a good selecting and arranging designer? Jennifer: Very much so. I’m lucky to have co-ordinated my wardrobe which enablesme to assemble the right outfit for the right occasion.

Tony: Anyway, are you good at designing your own styles?

Jennifer: Not really. I’m just learning to become a dress designer, you know.

3)

Student 1: Have you heard that about the fashion show in our university next Thursday?

Student 2: No, I haven’t. Will the students from the Design faculty participate in it? Student 1: Sure, they will. My collection will be shown there too. Would you like to come?

Student 2: Oh, I definitely would!

4)

Student 1: Would you like to go to the National Art Museum? Student 2: And what it going on there?

Student 1: There’s an exhibition of Japanese calligraphy; that must be very interesting. Student 2: I would like to visit it very much. Let’s make it 11.30 at my place

Student 1: Fine. See you then.

2.Speak on the following situation:

1.You are going to the Museum of Eastern and Western Art to see an exhibition of a famous painter. Propose your friend to come with you.

2.Your friend invites you to visit a fashion show. Ask him about the details.

3.Ask your friend to explain you what a good selecting and arranging designer means.

V Rendering.

1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary:

Modern Ukrainian fashion design

Ukrainian fashion design obeys the rules of conduct accepted in the world. We should be rejoiced over the fact that Ukrainian fashion designers create new collections and that they have enough customers.

Of course, Chanel, Lacrois, Lagerfeld, Gucci and others will remain popular with Ukrainian fashionable women for quite some time to come. But Ukrainian fashion designers have started to be competetive. The dresses they design and make are of a very high quality. Besides, they have one important advantage: they are much more affordable.

Creations of Lilia Pustovit belong to the so-called conceptual vogue that unites designers from various European countries. At the same time being national and cosmopolitan, her collections are known there even better than in Ukraine.

The original style of Victor Anisimov is well known not only in Ukraine but also in Europe. As a master of collection-performance, he became the “calling card” of the Ukrainian fashion.

Diana Dorozhkina is a designer that makes her masterpieces of fur and leather. From year to year, the collections of Diana emerge as demonstration of new textiles, colour spectrum and classic dress particulars renovated. In her collection, leather is combined with silk, chiffon and plaiting; corset has become her distinguishing feature.

Igor Senin designs and makes footwear that is a joy to look at and to wear. All creations of our Ukrainian designers are of superior quality and perfect design.

Quite a few prominent figures in Ukrainian show business, politics and business now prefer to buy their clothes from Ukrainian fashion designers rather than foreign ones. It is a very promising tendency. The very fact that to wear things designed and made in Ukraine becomes prestigious. Ukrainian designers open their own boutiques and stores and it is a pleasure to walk in, have a good look around and to buy something.

2.Make up a plan in the form of questions.

3.Give the summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

2.Listen to the text “Christian Dior and the New Look” and try to understand it:

3.Listen to the text once again and answer the following questions:

1.What do you know about Dior?

2.What is he famous for?

3.What is the New Look?

4.What were the features of the New Look?

5.When was the New Look presented?

4. True or false statements:

1.Haute couture had become international in the 1930s and the centre of the fashion world wasn’t Paris anymore.

2.Christian Dior became famous with his first collection in 1947 which presented his New Look.

3.The new creation had long, full skirts using yards of material, a tiny waist and feminine, sloping shoulders.

4.The new fashion was not popular.

5.After Dior’s death, the house of Dior continued under the young Yves St Laurent.