- •Contents
- •Preface to the first edition
- •Flagella
- •Cell walls and mucilages
- •Plastids
- •Mitochondria and peroxisomes
- •Division of chloroplasts and mitochondria
- •Storage products
- •Contractile vacuoles
- •Nutrition
- •Gene sequencing and algal systematics
- •Classification
- •Algae and the fossil record
- •REFERENCES
- •CYANOPHYCEAE
- •Morphology
- •Cell wall and gliding
- •Pili and twitching
- •Sheaths
- •Protoplasmic structure
- •Gas vacuoles
- •Pigments and photosynthesis
- •Akinetes
- •Heterocysts
- •Nitrogen fixation
- •Asexual reproduction
- •Growth and metabolism
- •Lack of feedback control of enzyme biosynthesis
- •Symbiosis
- •Extracellular associations
- •Ecology of cyanobacteria
- •Freshwater environment
- •Terrestrial environment
- •Adaption to silting and salinity
- •Cyanotoxins
- •Cyanobacteria and the quality of drinking water
- •Utilization of cyanobacteria as food
- •Cyanophages
- •Secretion of antibiotics and siderophores
- •Calcium carbonate deposition and fossil record
- •Chroococcales
- •Classification
- •Oscillatoriales
- •Nostocales
- •REFERENCES
- •REFERENCES
- •REFERENCES
- •RHODOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Cell walls
- •Chloroplasts and storage products
- •Pit connections
- •Calcification
- •Secretory cells
- •Iridescence
- •Epiphytes and parasites
- •Defense mechanisms of the red algae
- •Commercial utilization of red algal mucilages
- •Reproductive structures
- •Carpogonium
- •Spermatium
- •Fertilization
- •Meiosporangia and meiospores
- •Asexual spores
- •Spore motility
- •Classification
- •Cyanidiales
- •Porphyridiales
- •Bangiales
- •Acrochaetiales
- •Batrachospermales
- •Nemaliales
- •Corallinales
- •Gelidiales
- •Gracilariales
- •Ceramiales
- •REFERENCES
- •Cell structure
- •Phototaxis and eyespots
- •Asexual reproduction
- •Sexual reproduction
- •Classification
- •Position of flagella in cells
- •Flagellar roots
- •Multilayered structure
- •Occurrence of scales or a wall on the motile cells
- •Cell division
- •Superoxide dismutase
- •Prasinophyceae
- •Charophyceae
- •Classification
- •Klebsormidiales
- •Zygnematales
- •Coleochaetales
- •Charales
- •Ulvophyceae
- •Classification
- •Ulotrichales
- •Ulvales
- •Cladophorales
- •Dasycladales
- •Caulerpales
- •Siphonocladales
- •Chlorophyceae
- •Classification
- •Volvocales
- •Tetrasporales
- •Prasiolales
- •Chlorellales
- •Trebouxiales
- •Sphaeropleales
- •Chlorosarcinales
- •Chaetophorales
- •Oedogoniales
- •REFERENCES
- •REFERENCES
- •EUGLENOPHYCEAE
- •Nucleus and nuclear division
- •Eyespot, paraflagellar swelling, and phototaxis
- •Muciferous bodies and extracellular structures
- •Chloroplasts and storage products
- •Nutrition
- •Classification
- •Heteronematales
- •Eutreptiales
- •Euglenales
- •REFERENCES
- •DINOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Theca
- •Scales
- •Flagella
- •Pusule
- •Chloroplasts and pigments
- •Phototaxis and eyespots
- •Nucleus
- •Projectiles
- •Accumulation body
- •Resting spores or cysts or hypnospores and fossil Dinophyceae
- •Toxins
- •Dinoflagellates and oil and coal deposits
- •Bioluminescence
- •Rhythms
- •Heterotrophic dinoflagellates
- •Direct engulfment of prey
- •Peduncle feeding
- •Symbiotic dinoflagellates
- •Classification
- •Prorocentrales
- •Dinophysiales
- •Peridiniales
- •Gymnodiniales
- •REFERENCES
- •REFERENCES
- •Chlorarachniophyta
- •REFERENCES
- •CRYPTOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Ecology
- •Symbiotic associations
- •Classification
- •Goniomonadales
- •Cryptomonadales
- •Chroomonadales
- •REFERENCES
- •CHRYSOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Flagella and eyespot
- •Internal organelles
- •Extracellular deposits
- •Statospores
- •Nutrition
- •Ecology
- •Classification
- •Chromulinales
- •Parmales
- •Chrysomeridales
- •REFERENCES
- •SYNUROPHYCEAE
- •Classification
- •REFERENCES
- •EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •PINGUIOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •DICTYOCHOPHYCEAE
- •Classification
- •Rhizochromulinales
- •Pedinellales
- •Dictyocales
- •REFERENCES
- •PELAGOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •BOLIDOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCE
- •BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Cell wall
- •Cell division and the formation of the new wall
- •Extracellular mucilage, biolfouling, and gliding
- •Motility
- •Plastids and storage products
- •Resting spores and resting cells
- •Auxospores
- •Rhythmic phenomena
- •Physiology
- •Chemical defense against predation
- •Ecology
- •Marine environment
- •Freshwater environment
- •Fossil diatoms
- •Classification
- •Biddulphiales
- •Bacillariales
- •REFERENCES
- •RAPHIDOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •XANTHOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Cell wall
- •Chloroplasts and food reserves
- •Asexual reproduction
- •Sexual reproduction
- •Mischococcales
- •Tribonematales
- •Botrydiales
- •Vaucheriales
- •REFERENCES
- •PHAEOTHAMNIOPHYCEAE
- •REFERENCES
- •PHAEOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Cell walls
- •Flagella and eyespot
- •Chloroplasts and photosynthesis
- •Phlorotannins and physodes
- •Life history
- •Classification
- •Dictyotales
- •Sphacelariales
- •Cutleriales
- •Desmarestiales
- •Ectocarpales
- •Laminariales
- •Fucales
- •REFERENCES
- •PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE
- •Cell structure
- •Flagella
- •Haptonema
- •Chloroplasts
- •Other cytoplasmic structures
- •Scales and coccoliths
- •Toxins
- •Classification
- •Prymnesiales
- •Pavlovales
- •REFERENCES
- •Toxic algae
- •Toxic algae and the end-Permian extinction
- •Cooling of the Earth, cloud condensation nuclei, and DMSP
- •Chemical defense mechanisms of algae
- •The Antarctic and Southern Ocean
- •The grand experiment
- •Antarctic lakes as a model for life on the planet Mars or Jupiter’s moon Europa
- •Ultraviolet radiation, the ozone hole, and sunscreens produced by algae
- •Hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen gas production by algae
- •REFERENCES
- •Glossary
- •Index
88 EVOLUTION OF THE CHLOROPLAST
REFERENCES
Chapman, D. J. (1966). Pigments of the symbiotic algae (cyanomes) of Cyanophora paradoxa and
Glaucocystis nostochinearum and two Rhodophyceae, Porphyridium aeruginosa and Asterocytis ramosa. Arch. Mikrobiol. 55:17–25.
Floener, L., and Bothe, H. (1982). Metabolic activities in Cyanophora paradoxa and its cyanelles.
II. Photosynthesis and respiration. Planta 156:78–83. Floener, L., Danneberg, G., and Bothe, H. (1982).
Metabolic activities in Cyanophora paradoxa and its cyanelles. I. The enzymes of assimilatory nitrate reduction. Planta 156:70–7.
Helmchen, T. A., Bhattacharya, D., and Melkonian, M. (1995). Analysis of ribosomal RNA sequences from glaucocystophyte organelles provide new insights into the evolutionary relationships of plastids. J. Mol. Evol. 41:203–10.
Iino, M., and Hashimoto, H. (2003). Intermediate features of cyanelle division of Cyanophora paradoxa (Glaucocystophyta) between cyanobacterial and plastid division. J. Phycol. 39:561–9.
Fig. 3.2 Transmission electron micrographs of sections of dividing cells of Cyanophora paradoxa. (a) whole cell. (c) Cyanelle; (cb) central body. (b) A cross section of a division site with a septum (asterisk) dividing the inner envelope (double arrowhead) and the outer envelope (arrowhead). A cross section of an electron-dense cyanelle ring is seen at the leading edge of the inner envelope (arrow). (c) A moderately constricting cyanelle with a cyanelle ring (arrow) observed in a tangential section. (d) A deeply constricting division site. At the constricting neck, a pair of cross sections of a cyanelle ring is seen (arrow). (From Iino and Hashimoto, 2003.)
Keeling, P. J. (2004). Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts. Amer. J. Bot. 91:1481–93.
McFadden, G. I. (2001). Primary and secondary endosymbiosis and the origin of plastids. J. Phycol. 37:951–9.
Mereschkowsky, C. (1905). Ueber Natur und Ursprung den Chromatophoren in Pflanzenreich. Biol. Zentralbl. 25:593–604.
Mignot, J. P., Joyon, L., and Pringsheim, E. G. (1969). Quelques particularités structurales de Cyanophora paradoxa Korsch., protozoaire flagellé. J. Protozool. 16:138–45.
Pascher, A. (1914). Uber Symbiosen von Spaltpilzen und Flagellaten. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 32:339–52.
Schnepf, E. (1964). Zur Feinstruktur von Geosiphon pyriforme. Ein Versuch zur Deutung cytoplasmatischer Membranen und Kompartimente. Arch. Mikrobiol. 49:112–31.
Schnepf, E., Koch, W., and Deichgräber, G. (1966). Zur Cytologie und taxonomischen Einordnung von
Glaucocystis. Arch. Mikrobiol. 55:149–74. Skuja, H. (1954). Glaucophyta. In Syllabus der
Pflanzenfamilien, by A. Engler, ed. H. Melchoir, and E. Werdermann, Vol. 1, pp. 56–7. Berlin: Borntraeger.