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I. Fill in the gaps with words and word combinations from the list.

microorganisms, invade, take over, ranging, rank, one-celled, boils, breaking down, contagious, AIDS

1. _________ Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other _________ can invade the human body and cause disease.

2. _________ Pathogens _________ some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction.

  1. They _________ among the most widespread of all living things.

  2. Bacteria are microscopic, _________ organisms.

5. _________ and carbuncles result from the multiplication of bacteria in the skin.

6. These pathogens obtain food by _________ body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines.

7. _________ Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly and sweeps through a community.

  1. The virus that causes destroys the immune system's abili­ty to function properly.

  1. Fungi, protozoans, and worms produce diseases from minor skin infections to life-threatening internal disorders.

  2. Bacterial pneumonia occurs when bacteria the lungs and multiply there.

II. Fill in the correct prepositions. Use one of them twice.

from, at, throughout, by, for, to, in

  1. Many serious diseases, including tuberculosis, result ... bacterial multiplication.

  2. Most infectious diseases are communicable — that is, they can spread from person ... person.

  3. Some infectious diseases are always present ... a particular geo­graphic region.

  4. Viruses can be seen only ... means of powerful electron micro­scopes.

  5. Many people with AIDS die ... illnesses that do not normally oc­cur or that normally are not serious.

  6. Viruses are also responsible ... influenza and the common cold.

  7. When an epidemic occurs ... several places throughout the world at the same time, it is called a pandemic.

  8. Malaria is endemic ... much of Africa.

III. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms.

contagious, give rise to, attack, gain control of, classified, gain, passes, multiplication, predisposed

  1. Many kinds of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can invade the human body and cause disease.

  2. Pathogens take over some of the body's cells and tissues and use them for their own growth and reproduction.

  3. Infectious diseases can be grouped according to the kind of patho­gen that causes them.

  1. As a result, people infected with the virus become susceptible to certain illnesses that do not normally occur or that normally are not serious.

  2. These pathogens obtain food by breaking down body tissues or by absorbing digested food from the intestines.

  3. Most infectious diseases are communicable.

7. Occasionally, an infectious disease becomes highly contagious and sweeps through a community.

IV. Answer the following questions.

  1. What are pathogens?

  2. How can infectious diseases be grouped?

  3. What organisms are called bacteria?

  4. What diseases are caused by viruses?

  5. What do you know about AIDS?

  6. How do fungi, protozoans, and worms obtain food?

  7. How do infectious diseases spread?

  8. What conditions are called an epidemic, a pandemic, an endemic?

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