The End of a Monopoly Era

 

         The aim of the article is to show the reader that real competition in the GSM field is now a reality and should be faced both by reducers and operators.

         The research method used in the article is description.

         Recognizing that in the first half of the 1990’s GSM was a virtual wireless technology monopoly the author admits that nowadays that situation has changed dramatically due to the appearance of alternative technologies such as IS-95 CDMA, IS-136 TDMA, PHS.

         This new reality leads to change of strategy in the GSM community. Measures should be taken to let some Europeans’ negative mindset towards other digital technologies go and to become more thorough in marketing; the doors should be opened for America’s and Asia’s GSM operators.

         The article describes the period of GSM’s development beginning with the first half of the 1990’s and ending with 1997 which was mainly a Europe-centric one.

         The author’s conclusion is that GSM’s development has entered a new chapter, i.e. the phase of competition. And it’s up to GSM’s technology to do as well in the face of real competition as it did without any real rivals.

 

12. Condense the information in each paragraph of the text and try to write down the resume into English:

Artificial Intelligence

         One of the main problems of cybernetics is known to be creation of artificial intelligence. It is a scientific trend including mathematics, linguistics, psychology, engineering, etc. An artificial intelligence is considered to be a machine intelligence, dealing with the application of a computer which, in operation, is like a human intelligence.

         To make an artificial intelligence fully similar to human intelligence is impossible because the human brain is a very complex system, to say nothing of the fact that a machine cannot have human emotions. Being often called a thinking machine, in reality a computer can’t think either logically, or figuratively. Therefore even the most complex machine cannot be compared to the human brain.

         When speaking of the origin of the term ‘artificial intelligence’, it should be noted that it is the model of creative process in computers that gave birth to this term. But that doesn’t mean that computers possess it. The ‘intelligence’ is put into the computer by an expert who develops the program for solving some practical creative problems.

         But nevertheless, scientists continue the research into the field of an artificial intelligence. Production becoming automated, management must become automated as well. That is why the question of an artificial intelligence acquires special importance for economic planning and management.

 

13.           Translate the text. Entitle it. Condense the information in each paragraph of the text and try to write down the resume in English:

 

Text

Process control is extensively used in industry and enables mass production of continuous processes such as oil refining, paper manufacturing, chemicals, power plants and many other industries. Process control enables automation, with which a small staff of operating personnel can operate a complex process from a central control's room.

For example, heating up the temperature in a room is a process that has the specific, desired outcome to reach and maintain a defined temperature (e.g. 20°C), kept constant over time. Here, the temperature is the controlled variable. At the same time, it is the input variable since it is measured by a thermometer and used to decide whether to heat or not to heat. The desired temperature (20°C) is the set point. The state of the heater (e.g. the setting of the valve allowing hot water to flow through it) is called the manipulated variable since it is subject to control actions.

A commonly used control device called a programmable logic controller, or a PLC, is used to read a set of digital and analog inputs, apply a set of logic statements, and generate a set of analog and digital outputs. Using the example in the previous paragraph, the room temperature would be an input to the PLC. The logical statements would compare the set point to the input temperature and determine whether more or less heating was necessary to keep the temperature constant. A PLC output would then either open or close the hot water valve, an incremental amount, depending on whether more or less hot water was needed. Larger more complex systems can be controlled by a Distributed Control System (DCS) or SCADA system.

 

 

 

UNIT SEVEN

 

Texts: Robot programming and interfaces; Industrial Robot; Defining Parameters; End of Arm Tooling; Controlling Movement; Robotics; Функции АСУ ТП.

 

1.                Memorize the words:

feeder – фидер; подающий механизм

mold – (литейная) форма; шаблон; делать по шаблону; формировать по образцу

cell – отсек, камера; элемент

entity – существо; вещь, объект

screw – винт, болт, гайка

hole – дыра, отверстие

host – множество; хозяин; содержатель

 

2.                Read and translate the text: