Essential vocabulary:

1. to comprise – включать, заключать (в себе)

2. pipeline - трубопровод

3. pressurization – герметизация

4. purification - очистка

5. to destroy – разрушать, уничтожать

6. harmful - вредный

7. treatment plant – обрабатывающее предприятие

8. aeration - вентилирование

9. coagulation - свертывание

10. sedimentation - осаждение

11. setting basing – установка базы (бассейна)

12. particulate - частица

13. to settle out – оседать, выпадать в осадок

14. bed - пласт

15. crushed anthracite coal – дробленый антрацит угля

16. to trap – перехватывать, ловить

17. suspended - приостановленный

18. additive - добавка

19. odour - запах

20. chemical precipitation – химический осадок

21. to desalt – делать пресным

22. wastewater – сточная вода

23. groundwater – грунтовая вода

24. to condense- конденсировать

25. to thaw - таять

26. subsequent - последующий

27. elevated - надземный

28. adequate - требуемый

29. gravity drop of water – тяжесть падения воды

30. requirement - требование

31. concrete - бетон

32. asbestos cement – асбестовый цемент

33. site of consumption – централизованное потребление

34. charge – брать (взимать) плату

35. to levy – брать, собирать

36. maintenance – эксплуатация

I. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:

• улучшать качество

• современное обрабатывающее предприятие

• различные сочетания (комбинации)

• устранить неприятный запах и вкус

• чистая вода

• функционировать (работать) под давлением

• эксплуатация системы подачи воды

• уничтожать вредные бактерии и вирусы

• самое обычное химическое средство

• зависеть от характеристик воды

• приемлемый (допустимый) уровень давления

• убирать соль из воды

• различные химические добавки

• подача воды в жилые дома и на предприятия

• допустимый предел (уровень)

• обеспечивать достаточным давлением

• пласты (слои) чистого песка

II. Look at the words below. Which word is the odd one?

1. a) aeration b) coagulation c) disinfectant d) softening

2. a) distillation b) distribution c) filtration d) crystallization

3. a) gasoline b) wastewater c) groundwater d) seawater

4. a) transporting b) distribution c) supplying d) treatment

5. a) oil b) cement c) steel d) concrete

6. a) reservoir b) box c) cistern d) tank

7. a) to freeze b) to evaporate c) to illuminate d) to thaw

III. Answer the following questions:

1. How is water usually delivered, by what means?

2. What ways of treatment does the water work usually employ?

3. What does usually reduce unpleasant odours and tastes in water?

4. What plants are constructed in places where there is no fresh water?

5. What happens after water treatment?

6. What materials are used for transporting water?

7. Why do we pay for water usage?

Dam

Dam structure built across a stream, river, or estuary to retain water. Its purposes are to meet demands for water for human consumption, irrigation, or industry; to reduce peak discharge of floodwater; to increase available water stored for generating hydroelectric power; or to increase the depth of water in a river so as to improve navigation. An incidental purpose can be to provide a lake for recreation.

Auxiliary works at a dam may include spillways, gates, or valves to control the discharge of surplus water downstream from the dam; an intake structure conducting water to a power station or to canals, tunnels, or pipelines for more distant use; provision for evacuating silt carried into the reservoir; and means for permitting ships or fish to pass the dam. A dam therefore is the central structure in a multipurpose scheme aiming at the conservation of water resources. The multipurpose dam holds special importance in less developed countries, where a small nation may reap enormous benefits in agriculture and industry from a single dam.

Dams fall into several distinct classes, by profile and by building material. The decision as to which type of dam to build depends largely on the foundation conditions in the valley and the construction materials available. Broadly, the choice of materials now lies between concrete, soils, and rock fill. Although in the past a number of dams were built of jointed masonry, this practice is now largely obsolete. The monolithic form of concrete dams permits greater variations in profile, according to the extent to which water pressure is resisted by the deadweight of the structure, is transferred laterally to buttresses, or is carried by horizontal arching across the valley to abutments formed by the sides of the valley.