Essential vocabulary:

1. to employ - применять

2. to exceed - превышать

3. to impose – навязывать, налагать

4. to lubricate – смазывать

5. capacity – ёмкость, возможность

6. coupling (converter) - преобразователь

7. deterioration of the insulation – улучшение изоляции

8. internal-combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания

9. to seize - захватывать

10. to stick – втыкать, приклеивать

11. machinery - оборудование

12. customarily - привычно

13. ambient air – окружающий воздух (среда)

14. sufficient - достаточный

15. housing – корпус

16. artificial - искусственный

17. to augment - прибавлять

18. thin - тонкий

19. fin – плавник (пластина)

20. stationary - неподвижный

21. to surround - окружать

22. to attach – крепить, прикреплять

23. gear – шестерня, зубчатая передача, передаточный механизм, привод

24. rear axle – задняя ось

25. to release - выпускать

26. to comprise - включать

27. to cast – 1) бросать, 2) лить, отливать (металлы), 3) распределять

28. combustion chamber – камера сгорания

29. honeycomb- сотовый

30. to radiate - излучать

31. antifreeze solution – антифризовый раствор

32. outwardly - внешне

33. to prescribe - задавать

I. Answer the following questions:

1. What is cooling system?

2. What are the usual cooling agents employed?

3. Why are in some cases no cooling means needed?

4. What is cooling in many electric motors provided by?

5. What does a typical automotive cooling system comprise?

6. What is an antifreeze solution used for?

II. Translate the following phrases:

• выходить за пределы

• двигатель внутреннего сгорания

• ядерный реактор

• постоянно используемый (задействованный)

• естественное движение тела

• металлические пластины

• прикрепленный к вращающемуся элементу

• окруженный водой

• маломощный двигатель

• увеличение площади поверхности

• точка кипения

• искусственные средства охлаждения

• перегретый двигатель

• вызванный необходимостью

III. Make up sentences with the phrases given in the task II. Hydraulic press

A hydraulic press is a hydraulic mechanism for applying a large lifting or compressive force. It is the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and is also known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah. Hydraulic presses are the most commonly-used and efficient form of modern press.

The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle: the pressure throughout a closed system is constant. At one end of the system is a piston with a small cross-sectional area driven by a lever to increase the force.

A fluid, such as oil, is displaced when either piston is pushed inward. The small piston displaces a smaller amount of volume, which is proportional to the ratio of areas of the heads of the pistons. Therefore, the small piston must be moved a large distance to get the large piston to move significantly.

Hydraulic presses are capable of pressure at the head of 2,000 tons, and are used in manufacturing processes such as cold-forming metal and the production of complex shapes in the brick and concrete industry. They are also used in a wide variety of application where a large compressive force is needed, or a large load must be raised.

Although not all jacks are hydraulic, hydraulic jacks, which are used to lift automobiles so that they can be repaired, are a common application of the hydraulic press. The small piston is moved using electrical power, or human power in the case of small jacks, while the vehicle is lifted by the large piston. Garbage trucks use hydraulic presses to compact waste, and earth-moving machines, such as bulldozers, use hydraulics to push and lift soil and rocks.

The hydraulic press is capable of applying enough pressure to crush solid aluminum into paper-thin pieces.

(The hydraulic press is used to kill or destroy the monsters and/or antagonists in the films The Fly and The Terminator).