- •I. Read the text and circle the information that is not mentioned in the text:
- •Hydraulics
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •II. Give your own definitions to the following words:
- •III. Give the English equivalents to the following phrases:
- •IV. Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information:
- •V. Answer the following questions:
- •Fluid mechanics
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Find the English equivalents of the following words and phrases in the text. Compose your own sentences with these words:
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •Basic properties of fluids (from fluid mechanics)
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Work in pairs. Discuss which sentence in b best continues the sentence in a:
- •II. Look at the groups of words below. Which word is the odd one?
- •III. Complete the sentences:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •Classification of pumps
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Complete the sentences:
- •Essential vocabulary (I):
- •I. Give the definitions to the following words:
- •II. Make up questions concerning the content of the text. Positive displacement pumps (II)
- •Essential vocabulary (II):
- •Water-supply system (I)
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Look at the groups of words below. Which word is the odd one?
- •Water-supply system (II)
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •II. Look at the words below. Which word is the odd one?
- •III. Answer the following questions:
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Make up a short dialogue using the following words and phrases:
- •III. Give the definitions to the following words and phrases:
- •Turbine
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •Cooling system
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Translate the following phrases:
- •III. Make up sentences with the phrases given in the task II. Hydraulic press
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •I. Discuss the following questions before reading the text:
- •Industrial truck
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •Essential vocabulary:
- •II. A) Find the English equivalents of the following phrases in the text:
- •III. Give your own definitions to the following words:
Essential vocabulary:
to accomplish - выполнять
vane - флюгер
passage - проход
to be alternate with smth. – быть альтернативой чему-либо
finlike blade – лопасть в форме плавника
to attach - прикреплять
to exert - оказывать
to extract - извлекать
toque – вращающий момент
elevation – повышение
to couple to smth. – соединять с чем-либо, быть в паре
in terms of smth. – в условиях чего-либо
enthalpy – энтальпия, теплосодержание
drop - падение
combustion chamber – камера сгорания
to mount – крепить, прикреплять, устанавливать
integral unit – целостное устройство (единое целое)
discharge – выбрасывать, выгружать, разряжать
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
windmill – ветряная мельница
Cooling system
Cooling system is an apparatus employed to keep the temperature of a structure or device from exceeding limits imposed by needs of safety and efficiency. If overheated, the oil in a mechanical transmission loses its lubricating capacity, while the fluid in a hydraulic coupling or converter leaks under the pressure created. In an electric motor, overheating causes deterioration of the insulation. The pistons in an overheated internal-combustion engine may seize (stick) in the cylinders. Cooling systems are employed in automobiles, industrial plant machinery, nuclear reactors, and many other types of machinery.
The cooling agents customarily employed are air and a liquid (usually water), either alone or in combination. In some cases, direct contact with ambient air (free convection) may be sufficient; in other cases, it may be necessary to employ forced convection, created either by a fan or by the natural motion of the hot body.
In a transmission, if the surface area of the housing (container) is sufficiently large compared with the power lost, or if the transmission is in a moving vehicle, no artificial cooling means may be necessary. To augment the cooling effect by increasing the surface area, the housing may be provided with thin metal fins. On some stationary mechanical transmissions, it may be necessary to circulate the lubricating oil through pipes surrounded by cold water or to use a fan to blow air through pipes surrounded by the oil in the reservoir. On many electric motors, cooling is provided by a fan that is attached to the rotating element and creates a current of air through the housing.
In an automobile, the motion of the vehicle provides sufficient forced-convection cooling for the transmission and the gears in the rear axle; in the engine, however, so much energy is released that, except for some early models and certain small cars with low-powered engines, air cooling has not been employed.
A typical automotive cooling system comprises (1) a series of channels cast into the engine block and cylinder head, surrounding the combustion chambers with circulating liquid to carry away heat; (2) a radiator, consisting of many small tubes equipped with a honeycomb of fins to radiate heat rapidly, that receives and cools hot liquid from the engine; (3) a water pump, usually of the centrifugal type, to circulate the liquid through the system; (4) a thermostat to control temperature by varying the amount of liquid going to the radiator; and (5) a fan to draw fresh air through the radiator.
To prevent freezing, an antifreeze solution is either added to or substituted for water. To raise the boiling point of the solution, the cooling system is usually pressurized by means of a pressure cap on the radiator with valves that open outwardly at a prescribed pressure and inwardly to prevent a vacuum as the system cools.