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методички-для-сайта-кафедры / иоаниди расторгуева МУ по развитию навыков и умений чтения и устной речи по ая для студ 2 к 3 с. 2 ч.doc
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1. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания.

malt and soft drink industries; desirable options in waste management; utilization of by-products; spent process water; food approval and safety; large amounts of generated wastes and effluents; removal of suspended solids; elimination of colloids; pre-treatment; to generate high volume of wastewater and solid wastes

2. Запомните значения следующих слов и словосочетаний.

ecology – экология; наука, изучающая взаимоотношения живых существ (осо-бенно человека) и окружающей среды; охрана окружающей среды

environment [in'vaiərənmənt] – окружение, окружающая среда, окружающая обстановка

human environment – среда обитания человека

environmental protection (management) – охрана окружающей среды

3. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

industrial ecology, chemical ecology, theoretical ecology, plant ecology; environmental changes, environmental sciences, environmental impact, environmental engineer, environmental hazards

Прочитайте и устно переведите текст А4. Выпишите незнакомые слова

Text A4 ECOLOGY IN FOOD INDUSTRY

Food and drink industry is one of the most important industry sectors. The principal sectors in the food industry are the meat processing, bakery, dairy, and malt and soft drinks industries.

However, food industry produces large amounts of waste that are usually not hazardous, but mostly they are of biodegradable origin. Beside, many of the sub-branches also produce large amounts of effluent water with high chemical oxygen demanding substances.

The avoidance of waste formation and pollution is always a key task, but on the other hand, waste prevention, minimization and valorization, and the use of energy efficient process technologies are more and more desirable options in waste management as these streams from food industry are usually rich in valuable compounds (e.g. oils, sugars, antioxidants, etc.). The controlling of raw material, water and energy use, as well the utilization of by-products and reducing the effluent discharge lead towards the realization of industrial ecology in food industry.

Recycling preservation of embedded utilities and the design of a product to create other useful are sometimes carried out in the case of packaging materials and spent process water, but one should always consider food approval and safety in first respect. Waste prevention measures include prevention, reduction at source and re-use of products, while waste minimization also includes waste management measures, the quality improvements (e.g. reducing of hazards) and recycling.

Technologies for waste prevention and minimization

Waste prevention and minimization are key issues in food industry because of the large amounts of wastes and effluents usually generated.

Technologies for solid waste treatment can be divided into:

  • Pre–treatment technologies: mechanical separation, sorting, screening, pressing and drying

  • Final treatment: composting, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, incineration and dumping.