2. Назовите нужную форму герундия и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Everybody knows of sugar (having used, having been used) as a medicine in ancient times. 2. We know of fruit and vegetables (being contained, containing) many vitamins. 3. Technologists believe the processes employed in the starch manufacture (varying, being varied) with the raw material. 4. The modern word “sugar”(having been derived, being derived) from the ancient “sarkara” is well known as well as large solids of cane juice (being called, having been called) “khanda”, from which the word “candy” was derived. 5. Any technologist understands the chocolate quality (affected, being affected) by humidity and temperature conditions of storage. 6. Chocolate (being used, using) only as a beverage in the 16^th century is an interesting fact. 7. Steam power engine (having given, giving) rise to the development of confectionery machinery was proved by many facts.

3. Переведите данные сложно-подчиненные предложения на русский язык: сделайте их простыми, заменив придаточные предложения соответствующим герундиальным оборотом.

Образец:

We know that ancient people have used honey with chopped fruit and nuts as sweetmeat. → We know ancient people having usedhoney with chopped fruit and nuts as sweetmeat. That ancient people have used honey with chopped fruit and nuts as sweetmeat is a well-known fact. → Ancient people having used honey with chopped fruit and nuts as sweetmeat is a well-known fact.

1. That confectionery industry has a long history is certain. 2. That all the processes in confectionery production are done by machines provides a great variety of goods. 3. We know that honey is used as the principal sweetening agent in the past. 4. After this confectionary is reconstructed its capacity and assortment will considerably increase. 5. People consider that cocoa, as a beverage, is an important addition to the diet. 6. The fact that chocolate was first brought to Europe in the 16^th century is well known. 7. During the excursion to a confectionary we learned that about the fact that chocolate is moulded, cooled and wrapped entirely automatically. 8. That the art of making sugar was discovered in India was proved scientifically. 9. Technologists believe that one of the main processes in confectionery production is heating. 10. That different flavouring and colouring materials are widely used in confectionery is to take into consideration by confectioners.

4. Укажите номера герундиальных оборотов, соответствующих русскому переводу.

1. Scientists consider … (что здоровье человека зависит те только от питательной, но и разнообразной пищи). 2. Everybody knows of … (что жизнь без пищи невозможна). 3. (То, что кондитерское производство имеет длинную историю) is a well-known fact. 4. (То, что сахар является необходимым ингредиентом сладких кондитерских изделий) proves its significance. 5. Long ago people found (что какао бобы являются хорошим материалом для производства шоколада и какао порошка). 6. It was recognized (что значительное развитие кондитерского производства началось в 17 веке). 7. The fact (что открытие тростникового сахара сыграло большую роль в развитии кондитерского производства) is evident. 8. One must know (что срок хранения шоколада зависит от условий его производства и хранения). 9. The newspaper reports (что реконструкция этой кондитерской фабрики начнется в ближайшем будущем). 10. (После того, как кондитерская фабрика была реконструирована) its output considerably increased.

1. Confectionery industry having a long history 2. considerable development of confectionery production beginning in the 17^th century. 3. the reconstruction of this confectionary starting in the nearest future. 4. of cane sugar discovery playing a great part in the development of confectionery production. 5. human health depending not only on nutritive but also varied food. 6. chocolate shelf life depending on the conditions of its manufacture and storage. 7. After the confectionary having been reconstructed 8. Sugar being an essential ingredient of confections 9. life being impossible without food. 10. cacao beans being good material for the manufacture of chocolate and cocoa powder.